Toll-like receptor expression in the nervous system of bovine alpha-herpesvirus-infected calves

Toll-like receptors, IFN-γ and IL-12 expression in bovine leukemia virus-infected animals with low or high proviral load

“…An increase in the expression of TLR3 and TLR 7-9 was detected in BLV infected cells. Similar results were obtained during infection by bovine herpesvirus type 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5) in the bovine nervous system (Marin et al, 2014b), and particularly an up-regulation of these TLRs in respiratory tissues during herpesvirus reactivation (Marin et al, 2016). Zhang et al demonstrated increased expression of TLR3 and TLR4 in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue during the acute stage of infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (Zhang et al, 2006).…”

“…Moreover, interference of viral proteins with TLR-induced signaling, thus preventing the antiviral host response to infection, has been demonstrated (Mogensen, 2009). Even though TLRs expression profiles in several bovine tissues and TLR polymorphisms were described (Novak, 2014;Turin and Riva, 2008), only a few studies addressed their role in the development of viral diseases in cattle (Marin et al, 2014a;Marin et al, 2014b;Zhang et al, 2006). This is the first report concerning the patterns of TLRs 3, 7-9 expression on PBMC from BLV infected animals with HPL and LPL.…”

Expression of miR-155 associated with Toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9 transcription in the olfactory bulbs of cattle naturally infected with BHV5

“…Two fragments of approximately 8.5 mm were collected from each OB ( Fig. 1) and stored in RNA later®-ICE (Ambien®, Life Technologies™, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at − 86°C for molecular analysis, and immersed in 10% formalin for immunofluorescence in histological sections (Marin et al 2015;Vogel et al 2003).…”

“…TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9 are expressed in intracellular vesicles and recognize nucleic acids from viral origin (Cardoso et al 2016a). Cattle experimentally infected with BHV5 showed an overexpression of TLRs 3, 7, and 9 in the frontal cerebral cortex, including the OBs, during acute infection and/or following virus reactivation (Marin et al 2015). We have previously demonstrated that the host immune response and inflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute encephalitis by BHV5 in cattle (Cardoso et al 2016b).…”

“…We have previously demonstrated that the host immune response and inflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute encephalitis by BHV5 in cattle (Cardoso et al 2016b). In many aspects, there is a consensus that BHV5 acute infection induces activation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that eventually lead to brain injury, especially in frontal cortices (Marin et al 2015). However, the portion/areas of the OBs more affected by inflammation process remain unclear.…”