Tolerance of whitefish embryos to Pseudomonas fluorescens linked to genetic and maternal effects, and reduced by previous exposure

Siebenthal, Beat A. von; Jacob, Alain; Wedekind, Claus

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2009.02.008

Cited by 46 publications

(83 citation statements)

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“…), i.e., in another salmonid genus, exposure to P. fluorescens has been shown to cause significant embryonic mortality (Wedekind et al 2004;von Siebenthal et al 2009), as well as to induce hatching (Wedekind 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, significant gene by environment interactions on larval survival could be found in other salmonids, e.g., in the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (Evans et al 2010) or in whitefish (Coregonus sp.) (von Siebenthal et al 2009), and even in other populations of brown trout (Wedekind et al 2008;Jacob et al 2010). Genetic variability in reaction norms may therefore depend on the kind of stressor, the developmental stage, and the species or population in question.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After water hardening, eggs were transported to a climate chamber (6.5°C) where they were washed (as described in von Siebenthal et al 2009). Eggs were then distributed singly to 24-well plates (Falcon, Becton Dickinson; 2 ml water per well) in a block-wise design, such that a set of five plates contained all types of siblings.…”

Section: Fertilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogen-induced hatching and population-specific life-history response to waterborne cues in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Pompini

Clark

Wedekind

2013

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Hatching is an important niche shift, and embryos in a wide range of taxa can either accelerate or delay this life-history switch in order to avoid stage-specific risks. Such behavior can occur in response to stress itself and to chemical cues that allow anticipation of stress. We studied the genetic organization of this phenotypic plasticity and tested whether there are differences among populations and across environments in order to learn more about the evolutionary potential of stress-induced hatching. As a study species, we chose the brown trout (Salmo trutta; Salmonidae). Gametes were collected from five natural populations (within one river network) and used for full-factorial in vitro fertilizations. The resulting embryos were either directly infected with Pseudomonas fluorescens or were exposed to waterborne cues from P. fluorescens-infected conspecifics. We found that direct inoculation with P. fluorescens increased embryonic mortality and induced hatching in all host populations. Exposure to waterborne cues revealed population-specific responses. We found significant additive genetic variation for hatching time, and genetic variation in trait plasticity. In conclusion, hatching is induced in response to infection and can be affected by waterborne cues of infection, but populations and families differ in their reaction to the latter.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogen-induced hatching and population-specific life-history response to waterborne cues in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Pompini

Clark

Wedekind

2013

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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“…are typically keystone species in their respective freshwater ecosystems and can be of significant economic value (Nusslé et al 2009). Despite the relative simplicity with which salmonid eggs can be studied under controlled laboratory conditions (Finn 2007;Wedekind et al 2007;von Siebenthal et al 2009), existing understanding of their associated microbial communities has been patchy at best. The chorion of fish eggs (i.e., the acellular coat surrounding the mature egg) has been shown to represent a substrate where bacteria thrive (Wedekind 2002;Treasurer et al 2005;Wedekind et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, typically they are equipped with general antimicrobial compounds that the mother allocated to the eggs before spawning (Hanif et al 2004;Løvoll et al 2006;Finn 2007). Sensitive life-history responses of the host to changes in its symbiotic microbial community composition have been revealed during specific experimental exposure of whitefish embryos to Pseudomonas fluorescens (von Siebenthal et al 2009;Clark et al 2014) and Saprolegnia ferax (Clark and Wedekind 2011), as well as during non-specific experimental changes of microbial communities on whitefish eggs at varying nutrient broth concentrations . These life-history responses include changes in hatching time (Clark and Wedekind 2011;Clark et al 2013), growth and survival (Clark et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Declining diversity of egg-associated bacteria during development of naturally spawned whitefish embryos (Coregonus spp.)

et al. 2015

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Fish eggs are associated with microbes, whose roles range from mutualism to parasitism. Recent laboratory experiments have shown that the taxonomic composition of associated microbial communities on the egg influences embryonic development. Host genetics also plays an important role in determining the consequences for embryonic growth and survival in this interaction. Moreover, it has been found that the importance of host genetics increases during embryogenesis. These findings suggest that during embryogenesis, the host increasingly influences the composition of its associated microbial community. However, little is known about the composition of microbial communities associated with naturally spawned eggs in the wild. We sampled fertilized whitefish eggs (Coregonus spp.) of different developmental stages from six sub-Alpine lakes and used a universal primer pair and 454 pyrosequencing in order to describe the taxonomic composition of egg-associated bacterial communities. We found bacterial communities on early embryos to be very diverse and to resemble the bacterial composition of the surrounding water environment. The bacterial communities on late embryos were significantly less diverse than on early embryos and displayed a clear shift in taxonomic composition that corresponded poorly with the bacterial composition of the surrounding water environment. The main bacterial components on whitefish eggs in this study were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, while the five most common families were Leuconostocaceae, Streptococcaceae, Comamonadaceae, Oxalobacteraceae and Moraxellaceae. Their putative relationships with the host are discussed. We conclude that natural symbiotic bacterial communities become more specialized during embryogenesis because of specific interactions with their embryo host.

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Genetic correlations and little genetic variance for reaction norms may limit potential for adaptation to pollution by ionic and nanoparticulate silver in a whitefish (Salmonidae)

Clark

Pompini

Uppal

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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For natural populations to adapt to anthropogenic threats, heritable variation must persist in tolerance traits. Silver nanoparticles, the most widely used engineered nanoparticles, are expected to increase in concentrations in freshwaters. Little is known about how these particles affect wild populations, and whether genetic variation persists in tolerance to permit rapid evolutionary responses. We sampled wild adult whitefish and crossed them in vitro full factorially. In total, 2896 singly raised embryos of 48 families were exposed to two concentrations (0.5 μg/L; 100 μg/L) of differently sized silver nanoparticles or ions (silver nitrate). These doses were not lethal; yet higher concentrations prompted embryos to hatch earlier and at a smaller size. The induced hatching did not vary with nanoparticle size and was stronger in the silver nitrate group. Additive genetic variation for hatching time was significant across all treatments, with no apparent environmental dependencies. No genetic variation was found for hatching plasticity. We found some treatment‐dependent heritable variation for larval length and yolk volume, and one instance of additive genetic variation for the reaction norm on length at hatching. Our assessment suggests that the effects of silver exposure on additive genetic variation vary according to trait and silver source. While the long‐term fitness consequences of low‐level silver exposure on whitefish embryos must be further investigated to determine whether it is, in fact, detrimental, our results suggest that the evolutionary potential for adaptation to these types of pollutants may be low.

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Tolerance of whitefish embryos to Pseudomonas fluorescens linked to genetic and maternal effects, and reduced by previous exposure

Cited by 46 publications

References 45 publications

Pathogen-induced hatching and population-specific life-history response to waterborne cues in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Pathogen-induced hatching and population-specific life-history response to waterborne cues in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Declining diversity of egg-associated bacteria during development of naturally spawned whitefish embryos (Coregonus spp.)

Genetic correlations and little genetic variance for reaction norms may limit potential for adaptation to pollution by ionic and nanoparticulate silver in a whitefish (Salmonidae)

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