To What Extent Have High Schools in California Been Able to Implement State-Mandated Nutrition Standards?

Samuels, Sarah E.; Bullock, Sally Lawrence; Woodward-Lopez, Gail; Clark, Sarah E.; Kao, Janice; Craypo, Lisa; Barry, Jay; Crawford, Patricia B.

doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.015

Cited by 45 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Competitive foods and beverages sold in the schools in this study that were consistent with Massachusetts standards increased by 47 percentage points and 46 percentage points, respectively, during the 1-year period. Consistent with findings in California, 17 there were higher compliance rates at both pre- and post-implementation for beverages relative to foods in the NOURISH schools. Whereas 54% to 68% of foods sold in the high schools and middle schools, respectively, were consistent with the food standards at post-implementation, more than 80% of beverages were consistent with the beverage standards at post-implementation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Consistent with the literature, 17,20,31,32 increases in the percent of unique compliant food and beverage products for sale in both the NOURISH Massachusetts middle and high schools were observed following policy implementation. Competitive foods and beverages sold in the schools in this study that were consistent with Massachusetts standards increased by 47 percentage points and 46 percentage points, respectively, during the 1-year period.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Implementation of Competitive Food and Beverage Standards in a Sample of Massachusetts Schools: The NOURISH Study (Nutrition Opportunities to Understand Reforms Involving Student Health)

Hoffman

Rosenfeld

Schmidt

et al. 2015

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

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Background During 2012, Massachusetts adopted comprehensive school competitive food and beverage standards that closely align with Institute of Medicine recommendations and Smart Snacks in School national standards. Objective We examined the extent to which a sample of Massachusetts middle schools and high schools sold foods and beverages that were compliant with the state competitive food and beverage standards after the first year of implementation, and complied with four additional aspects of the regulations. Design Observational cohort study with data collected before implementation (Spring 2012) and 1 year after implementation (Spring 2013). Participants/setting School districts (N=37) with at least one middle school and one high school participated. Main outcome measures Percent of competitive foods and beverages that were compliant with Massachusetts standards and compliance with four additional aspects of the regulations. Data were collected via school site visits and a foodservice director questionnaire. Statistical analyses performed Multilevel models were used to examine change in food and beverage compliance over time. Results More products were available in high schools than middle schools at both time points. The number of competitive beverages and several categories of competitive food products sold in the sample of Massachusetts schools decreased following the implementation of the standards. Multilevel models demonstrated a 47-percentage-point increase in food and 46-percentage-point increase in beverage compliance in Massachusetts schools from 2012 to 2013. Overall, total compliance was higher for beverages than foods. Conclusions This study of a group of Massachusetts schools demonstrated the feasibility of schools making substantial changes in response to requirements for healthier competitive foods, even in the first year of implementation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Implementation of Competitive Food and Beverage Standards in a Sample of Massachusetts Schools: The NOURISH Study (Nutrition Opportunities to Understand Reforms Involving Student Health)

Hoffman

Rosenfeld

Schmidt

et al. 2015

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

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“…30,38 Studies using well-established tools to assess dietary intake have reported results similar to those reported by studies using brief survey measures. However, future research could be strengthened by using only well-established tools to assess dietary intake (for example, twenty-four-hour recalls and food records) as well as the nutritional content of competitive foods (for example, the computer-based data collection tool known as the Food and Beverage Environmental Assessment and Monitoring System, or Food BEAMS) 39 whenever possible. All but one of the observational studies that examined the link between access to competitive foods and students' dietary intake were crosssectional, and no longitudinal studies have examined the possible links between access to competitive foods and students' weight.…”

Section: Implications For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are ‘Competitive Foods’ Sold At School Making Our Children Fat?

Larson

Story

2010

Health Affairs

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Almost one-third of American children and adolescents are now either overweight or obese. One contributing factor may be the foods and beverages sold outside of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) school meal programs, which are often called "competitive foods." These foods, such as cookies, chips, and sodas, are often available through vending machines, snack bars, and other outlets on school premises. They are not required to conform to the nutritional standards of the USDA school meal programs. This paper looks at the research into whether these competitive foods may be affecting students' dietary intake or contributing to their risk of obesity.

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“…Suggestive evidence was observed for a relationship between the school food environment and student BMI. Samuels et al [30] examined factors associated with implementation of California's school nutrition standards 1 year after standards became effective. They found the majority of schools were adhering to the required beverage standards; however, none of the schools selling competitive foods were 100% adherent to the nutrient-based food standards.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The articles in this supplement of the Journal of Adolescent Health demonstrate the value of research in documenting favorable trends such as healthier foods in schools [29,30] and effective school policies providing healthier food [30] and more physical activity [36] that can be adopted by other states. The data reported here can provide guidance about how to increase use of parks by African-American adolescents [37], policy changes in schools that can reduce adolescents' sugar-sweetened beverage intake [28], and the potential for increased soda taxes to reduce consumption [34].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%