“…Ultimately, the majority of paradigms used to measure myriad cognitive skills in non-human animals is androcentric. For example, nonverbal tasks, measuring cognitive skills such as pointing, attention, or perspective-taking in human children have been adapted to test apes and chimpanzees from a comparative approach (Beran, 2017;Byrne & Whiten, 1988;Maestripieri, 2003). Only recently have these tasks been extended beyond primates (attention: Herman et al, 1999;2004, 2007Tschudin et al, 2001; object permanence: see review by Jaakkola, 2014;Johnson Sullivan, Buck, Trexel, & Scarpuzzi, 2015;Singer & Henderson, 2015; perspective-taking: see review by Pérez-Manrique & Gomila, 2017).…”