Tissue engineering of collagen scaffolds crosslinked with plant based polysaccharides

Abstract

Ideally, a bioscaffold should mimic the characteristics of an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest. The present study deals with the formation of composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic. Collagen was cross-linked with oxidized gum arabic having aldehyde groups to form a porous block. By changing the oxidation level of gum arabic, incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold could be varied resulting in scaffolds with variable polysaccharide to protein content. A series of scaffolds were made by altering collagen concentration and oxidation level of gum arabic. The scaffolds were tested for their physical properties, stability, biocompatibility and ability to support the cell growth. Results implied that variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds was possible depending on the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior. The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. Nucleus pulposa cells were able to maintain their phenotype in the GACO gels. The studies show that these scaffolds are potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering, and can be designed to match the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM.

Glycans in scaffold design in tissue reconstruction

“…These can be fine tuned to support different cell types. A gel with 1% collagen cross-linked with GA oxidized to 50% supports chondrogenic cell types and these gels also show chondroinduction 51 . On the other hand, a gel with 0.5% or less collagen cross-linked with gum Arabica oxidized to 5% supports hepatopancreatic organoids (unpublished)…”

Formation of substituted dioxanes in the oxidation of gum arabic with periodate

“…1,31 ATR-FTIR, 3,21,27,[33][34][35][36] NMR, 35 and UV/Vis absorption 21 spectra have been recorded of products of the periodate oxidation of gum arabic and the extent of the reaction followed using iodometric titrations. 22,28 The amount of aldehyde formed in the product was quantified using hydroxylamine hydrochloride 3,[35][36][37][38] and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 22,34 titrations, or a TNBS assay. 39 Removal of the iodate by-product is usually achieved by dialysis, 3,21,22,27,28,33,36,[38][39][40][41] or precipitation in ethanol 35 or acetone 34 and washing with water.…”

“…22,28 The amount of aldehyde formed in the product was quantified using hydroxylamine hydrochloride 3,[35][36][37][38] and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 22,34 titrations, or a TNBS assay. 39 Removal of the iodate by-product is usually achieved by dialysis, 3,21,22,27,28,33,36,[38][39][40][41] or precipitation in ethanol 35 or acetone 34 and washing with water.…”

“…Aldehyde formation has been assumed, but not validated in a rigorous manner spectroscopically. 3,21,22,27,28,[33][34][35][36]38 Here, we focus on the oxidation of GA1 using sodium periodate (NaIO 4 ) (Fig. 1) and identify the selectivity of the oxidation by comparison with model sugars and using direct analysis with Raman, ATR-FTIR, solution-state 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and 2D-NMR and solid-state cross-polarisation magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) 13 C-NMR spectroscopy.…”

A Collagen Basketweave from the Giant Squid Mantle as a Robust Scaffold for Tissue Engineering

“…Collagen is one of basic natural materials which have application in tissue engineering [2][3][4][5][6]. In many types of connective tissue, it is a fibrillar protein and the main component responsible for the tissue integrity, shape, elasticity, and strength.…”