Glycans in scaffold design in tissue reconstruction

Abstract

Development of an artificial tissue by tissue engineering is witnessed to be one of the long lasting clarified solutions for the damaged tissue function restoration. To accomplish this, a scaffold is designed as a cell carrier in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) performs a prominent task of controlling the inoculated cell’s destiny. ECM composition, topography and mechanical properties lead to different types of interactions between cells and ECM components that trigger an assortment of cellular reactions via diverse sensing mechanisms and downstream signaling pathways. The polysaccharides in the form of proteoglycans and glycoproteins yield better outcomes when included in the designed matrices. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains present on proteoglycans show a wide range of operations such as sequestering of critical effector morphogens which encourage proficient nutrient contribution toward the growing stem cells for their development and endurance. In this review we discuss how the glycosylation aspects are of considerable importance in everyday housekeeping functions of a cell especially when placed in a controlled environment under ideal growth conditions. Hydrogels made from these GAG chains have been used extensively as a resorbable material that mimics the natural ECM functions for an efficient control over cell attachment, permeability, viability, proliferation, and differentiation processes. Also the incorporation of non-mammalian polysaccharides can elicit specific receptor responses which authorize the creation of numerous vigorous frameworks while prolonging the low cost and immunogenicity of the substance.

Advanced 3D In Vitro Lung Fibrosis Models: Contemporary Status, Clinical Uptake, and Prospective Outlooks

“…Biochemically, multiple cytokine (TGF-β, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) concentrations are enhanced and elevated, which stimulates the underlying cells to get activated and change matrix dynamics. ECM is the most plastic and rapidly evolving dynamic compartment . Collagen type 1, fibronectin, and elastin are the primary elements deposited that can disrupt the matrix and lung architecture.…”

“…ECM is the most plastic and rapidly evolving dynamic compartment. 9 Collagen type 1, fibronectin, and elastin are the primary elements deposited that can disrupt the matrix and lung architecture. An imbalance in this secretion gradually increases stiffness, altering the mechanical functioning.…”

“…Pulmonary rehabilitation uses a diversified approach involving oxygen therapy to improve respiratory function . For end-stage patients, lung transplantation is the only option with inherent limitations, such as donor shortage and the use of immunosuppressants . This significantly impacts the individual’s life quality and functional, financial, and social status.…”