Tin dioxide-based nanomaterials as anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

The development of new electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted significant attention because commercial anode materials in LIBs, like graphite, may not be able to meet the increasing energy demand of new electronic devices.

Highly stable Fe2O3@SnO2@HNCS hollow nanospheres with enhanced lithium-ion battery performance

“…However, alternatives to graphite are being sought to overcome its low theoretical discharge capacity (372 mA h g À1 ). 8,9 Among a multitude of anode materials, transition metal oxides (TMOs) have attracted much attention owing to their low cost, high theoretical capacity and rich abundance. 10,11 However, there are barriers for the practical application of TMOs such as low electronic conductivity, large volume expansion, unsatisfactory cyclic stability, and rate capacity.…”

Integrated structure design and synthesis of a pitaya-like SnO2/N-doped carbon composite for high-rate lithium storage capability

“…According to the reaction pathways, nanostructural design of SnO 2 , such as nanowires, nanotubes and hollow nano-spheres, is believed to be a promising method to provide better reversibility because of its controllable internal strain caused by lithiation/delithiation. [32][33][34][35] Meanwhile, nanostructured SnO 2 can effectively shorten the Li-ion diffusion pathway and consequently improve the rate capability to some extent. 36,37 However, the intrinsic low electronic conductivity of SnO 2 still constrains its rate capability; likewise pulverization caused by the large volume expansion limits the cycling stability.…”

“…44 Nevertheless, SnO 2 nanoparticles that directly grow on the surface layer of the carbon materials would still migrate and aggregate during long cycles. 31,32 Therefore, for driving SnO 2 to substantially overcome its defects and further increase the stability, realization of an advanced and integrated structural innovation is urgently needed.…”

“…30 Over the past few decades, though tremendous efforts have been devoted to optimize the SnO 2 anode for next generation LIBs, the above two critical issues still perplex us to some extent. 31,32 SnO 2 + 4Li + + 4e − ⇋ Sn + 2Li 2 OSn + 4.4Li + + 4.4e − ⇋ Li 4.4 Sn…”

Effects of Pulverization and Dead Sn Accumulation in SnO2 Nanorods Grown on Carbon Cloth on Their Electrochemical Performances as the Anode in Lithium Ion Batteries

“…Although SnO 2 was proposed as a lithium-ion-storage material by scientists from the Fuji company in 1997, it is still a challenge to maintain the capacity retention, which severely limits its practical application. The main reasons are the poor reversibility of the conversion reaction, the accumulation of dead Sn, and the drastic change in volume accompanying pulverization. − …”