Time to define leprosy elimination as zero leprosy transmission?

Smith, Cairns; Aerts, Ann; Kita, Etsuko; Virmond, Marcos da Cunha Lopes

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(16)00087-6

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…This may be a promising approach to the strategy of active search attached to the administration of immunoprophylaxis and/or chemoprophylaxis, which are proposals to zero out the transmission of leprosy 53 . These authors emphasize the effectiveness of large-scale school surveys, mainly in hyperendemic areas or clusters of the disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Silva

Fonseca

Kawa

et al. 2017

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Leprosy remains a public health problem in developing countries. Among communicable diseases, it is one of the leading causes of permanent disability. Brazil had not reached the goal of reducing cases to less than 1 per 10,000 population. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy cases in Brazil, using a literature review. The search strategy included the LILACS and MEDLINE databases with no language or period restriction. Ecological studies with spatial data analysis were considered as a criterion for the inclusion. We found 38 studies for review after the selection criteria. Among the epidemiological indicators of the disease, the most common was the new case detection rate. Several articles have explored the association between spatial distribution of leprosy and socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors. The most common unit of analysis was the municipality. The spatial distribution methods mostly used were: empirical Bayesian method, autocorrelation (Moran's I index) and Kernel estimates. The distribution of leprosy was very heterogeneous, independent of t h e unit of analysis. There was a decrease in the rate of detection and among under-15-year-olds, but some regions maintained high endemicity during the study period. The distribution and risk of illness were directly related to living conditions of the population. Improved access to health services was associated with increased detection rate in some regions. Spatial analysis seems to be a very useful tool to study leprosy and to guide interventions and surveillance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Silva

Fonseca

Kawa

et al. 2017

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…Leprosy is a chronic condition with high potential for causing disability and stigma perpetuating the vicious circle of poverty 1 , 21 . A significant decrease of incidence rates after introduction of the multidrug therapy can be observed, but the disease is still a cause of morbidity, especially in vulnerable populations 3 , 6 , 23 , 28 , 29 . In addition, the impact on mortality patterns from direct or indirect causes related to the disease is present, especially in the male population 18 , 19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leprosy and gender in Brazil: trends in an endemic area of the Northeast region, 2001–2014

Souza¹,

Ferreira²,

Boigny³

et al. 2018

Rev. saúde pública

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OBJECTIVE To analyze, stratifield by gender, trends of the new case leprosy detection rates in the general population and in children; of grade 2 disability, and of proportion of multibacillary cases, in the state of Bahia, Brazil from 2001 to 2014.METHODS A time series study based on leprosy data from the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases. The time trend analysis included Poisson regression models by infection points (Joinpoint) stratified by gender.RESULTS There was a total of 40,054 new leprosy cases with a downward trend of the overall detection rate (Average Annual Percent Change [AAPC = -0.4, 95%CI -2.8–1.9] and a non-significant increase in children under 15 years (AAPC = 0.2, 95%CI -3.9–4.5). The proportion of grade 2 disability among new cases increased significantly (AAPC = 4.0, 95%CI 1.3–6.8), as well as the proportion of multibacillary cases (AAPC = 2.2, 95%CI 0.1–4.3). Stratification by gender showed a downward trend of detection rates in females and no significant change in males; in females, there was a more pronounced upward trend of the proportion of multibacillary and grade 2 disability cases.CONCLUSIONS Leprosy is still highly endemic in the state of Bahia, with active transmission, late diagnosis, and a probable hidden endemic. There are different gender patterns, indicating the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment, specifically in males without neglecting the situation among females.

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“…A strategy based on incidence instead of prevalence was identified. Early diagnosis and prompt inclusion of all patients to treatment were aimed [30,106,107].…”

Section: Elimination/preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy

Akpolat¹,

Akkus²,

Kaynak³

2019

Hansen's Disease - The Forgotten and Neglected Disease

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Leprosy is a granulomatous, chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae that has been reported for than 2000 years. The infection primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves.M. leprae is bacterium that cannot be cultured in vitro and transmission and pathophysiological data is still uncertain and limited. Today the prevalence of this ancient disease is declining in most around the world. This decline is a direct effect of widespread administration by public health workers of multidrug therapy. However, emerging despite the use of multidrug therapy, identifying and monitoring resistance are still necessary.

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Time to define leprosy elimination as zero leprosy transmission?

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Leprosy and gender in Brazil: trends in an endemic area of the Northeast region, 2001–2014

An Update on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy

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