Thyroid cancer and thyrotoxicosis in the United States: Their relation to endemic goiter

Pendergrast, W. Jefferson; Milmore, Benno K.; Marcus, Samuel C.

doi:10.1016/0021-9681(61)90042-x

Cited by 73 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Epidemiologically, human thyroid cancers correlate with inadequate daily iodine intake or occurrence of endemic goiter (5, 13, 15, 16,22,40,46,50,54,55). The amount of iodine intake from all sources is therefore an important dietary factor to be considered for health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor-Promoting Effects of Both Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Excess in the Rat Thyroid

et al. 1992

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A B S T R A~Thyroid tumor-promoting effects of iodine deficiency and iodine excess were investigated in a rodent 2-stage model to estimate an optimal iodine intake range that would not effectively promote development of thyroid neoplasia. Six-week-old male F344 rats were given a single subcutaneous injection of 2,800 mg/ kg body weight N-bis(2-hydroxypropyI)-nitrosamine (DHPN) or saline vehicle, maintained on Remington's iodine-deficient diet (21 k 2 ng/g iodide), and supplemented with various amounts of potassium iodide up to 260 mg/liter in drinking water to generate conditions ranging from severe iodine deficiency to severe iodine excess. In DHPN-treated rats, both conditions significantly increased thyroid follicular tumorigenesis. In DHPN-untreated rats, iodine deficiency produced diffuse thyroid hyperplasia, characterized by small follicles with tall epithelium and reduced colloid, together with a decrease in thyroxine (T4) and an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). On the other hand, iodine excess produced colloid goiter, characterized by large follicles with flat epithelium and abundant colloid admixed with normal or small-sized follicles lined by cpithelium of normal height, together with normal serum T4 and slightly decreased TSH. These effects were directly proportional to the severity of iodine deficiency or extent of iodine excess and suggest that each condition has a different thyroid tumor promotion mechanism. Iodine intakes that showed the least tumor promotion were 2.6 and 9.7 pg/rat/day in this study. Promoting mechanisms and the problem of statistically estimating recommended daily iodine intake range are briefly discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor-Promoting Effects of Both Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Excess in the Rat Thyroid

et al. 1992

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“…A higher incidence of thyroid cancer was found in England, Wales and Switzerland in areas with endemic goiter (70,71). However, no association was found in the United States between goitrous and non-goitrous areas (72). Another study performed in Nordic countries as Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden over periods ranging from 1 to 14 years found no association between the presence of endemic goiter and the risk of follicular carcinoma.…”

Section: Iodine Intake and Thyroid Cancermentioning

confidence: 93%

Relevance of iodine intake as a reputed predisposing factor for thyroid cancer

Knobel

Medeiros‐Neto

2007

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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Iodine is a trace element that is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Both chronic iodine deficiency and iodine excess have been associated with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells, attributed to excessive secretion of TSH. This may be associated to thyroid cancer risk, particularly in women. Experimental studies have documented thyroid cancer induction by elevation of endogenous TSH, although in a small number of animals. Iodine deficiency associated with carcinogenic agents and chemical mutagens will result in a higher incidence of thyroid malignancy. Inadequate low iodine intake will result in increased TSH stimulation, increased thyroid cell responsiveness to TSH, increased thyroid cell EGF-induced proliferation, decreased TGFβ 1 production and increased angiogenesis, all phenomena related to promotion of tumor growth. Epidemiological studies associating iodine intake and thyroid cancer led to controversial and conflicting results. There is no doubt that introduction of universal iodine prophylaxis in population previously in chronic iodine-deficiency leads to a changing pattern of more prevalent papillary thyroid cancer and declining of follicular thyroid cancer. Also anaplastic thyroid cancer is practically not seen after years of iodine supplementation. Iodine excess has also been indicated as a possible nutritional factor in the prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer in Iceland, Hawaii and, more recently, in China. In conclusion: available evidence from animal experiments, epidemiological studies and iodine prophylaxis has demonstrated a shift towards a rise in papillary carcinoma, but no clear relationship between overall thyroid cancer incidence and iodine intake.

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“…Likewise, thyrotoxic patients with Grave's disease where follicular cells are autonomously stimulated by an immunoglobulin (long-acting thyroid stimulator, or LATS) also appear to be at greater risk to develop thyroid tumors (4,31). In summary, the literature suggests that prolonged stimulation of the human thyroid by TSH will induce neoplasia only in exceptional circumstances and possibly acting together with some other metabolic or immunologic abnormality (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Data and Risk Assessment of Selected Toxic End Points of the Thyroid Gland

1997

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Many goitrogenic xenobiotics that increase the incidence of thyroid tumors in rodents exert a direct effect on the thyroid gland to disrupt one of several possible steps in the biosynthesis, secretion, and metabolism of thyroid hormones. This includes (a) inhibition of the iodine trapping mechanism, (b) blockage of organic binding of iodine and coupling of iodothyronines to form thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 )

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Thyroid cancer and thyrotoxicosis in the United States: Their relation to endemic goiter

Cited by 73 publications

References 23 publications

Tumor-Promoting Effects of Both Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Excess in the Rat Thyroid

Tumor-Promoting Effects of Both Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Excess in the Rat Thyroid

Relevance of iodine intake as a reputed predisposing factor for thyroid cancer

Mechanistic Data and Risk Assessment of Selected Toxic End Points of the Thyroid Gland

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