Three Mx genes with differential response to VNNV infection have been identified in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) Mx gene promoters respond differentially to IPNV and VHSV infections in RTG-2 cells

“…Otherwise, the induction patterns recorded for the three promoters under study are similar to those previously reported in response to poly I:C in RTG-2 cells (González-Mariscal et al, 2014), and in vivo after NNV inoculation (Fernández-Trujillo et al, 2011a). Actually, in this in vivo challenge, the three Mx genes were induced by NNV with a different pattern in head kidney, and in the virus target tissue, the brain, thus suggesting a distinct modulation of each Mx isoform expression (Fernández-Trujillo et al, 2011a). In addition, all together, these data (Fernández-Trujillo et al, 2011a;González-Mariscal et al, 2014; and the present study) point out that Mx2 might be the predominant isoform in the early response of gilthead seabream to viral infections.…”

“…These differences might be related to the structural characteristics of each promoter, as pMx2 presents higher number of GAAA motifs, which are characteristic of ISG promoters, and also more interferon gamma activation sites (GAS), than pMx1 and pMx3, as well as two ISRE-like elements putatively acting as enhancers (González-Mariscal et al, 2014). Otherwise, the induction patterns recorded for the three promoters under study are similar to those previously reported in response to poly I:C in RTG-2 cells (González-Mariscal et al, 2014), and in vivo after NNV inoculation (Fernández-Trujillo et al, 2011a). Actually, in this in vivo challenge, the three Mx genes were induced by NNV with a different pattern in head kidney, and in the virus target tissue, the brain, thus suggesting a distinct modulation of each Mx isoform expression (Fernández-Trujillo et al, 2011a).…”

“…Three Mx genes (Mx1, Mx2, and Mx3) have been identified in gilthead seabream, coding for three Mx proteins with a wide spectrum of antiviral activity and clear specificity (Fernández-Trujillo et al, 2011a. As a first approach in assessing the regulation of seabream Mx genes expression, the structure of Mx1, Mx2 and Mx3 promoters (pMx1, pMx2 and pMx3) was disclosed (Fig.…”

Mx Proteins: Antiviral Gatekeepers That Restrain the Uninvited

“…Human MxA and fish Mx proteins can also inhibit double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses. For example, salmon Mx and seabream Mx proteins can inhibit infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) (30,34,119).…”

Antiviral effects of β-defensin derived from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

“…EcDefensin also amplified antiviral activity by activating other innate immune responses such as expression of host antiviral proteins Mx and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1b. Mx proteins are key components of antiviral state triggered by interferon (IFN) type I in response to viral infection [48,49]. b-defensin can induce proinflammatory cytokines IL-1b [39,47] and enhance innate defense function [50e53].…”