Antiviral effects of β-defensin derived from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Involvement of fish signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in nodavirus infection induced cell death

“…To determine the roles of Ec-STAT3 on virus replication, S3I-201, a specific STAT3 inhibitor, was used as previously and the protein synthesis of CP during RGNNV infection was detected by western blotting assay [10,37]. The mouse anti-RGNNV CP serum was used as the primary antibody at a dilution of 1:2000, and the HRPconjugated goat anti-mouse (1:3000) was the secondary antibody.…”

Characterization and expression pattern of a novel β-defensin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): implications for its role in mucosal immunity

“…12,15) In healthy fish, some of these β-defensins are expressed in a wide range of mucosal and systemic tissues, including the gills, gonad, gut, peritoneal leucocytes, kidney, liver, muscle, skin, and spleen. 12,16,[18][19][20] In contrast, some β-defensins in other species have been detected only in one or two tissues. 12,15,21) After challenge with bacteria and with bacterial DNA, the gene expression of β-defensin was upregulated in some of these tissues, [16][17][18] suggesting the important role of this gene in the immune responses of fish.…”

“…14) In fish, β-defensins have recently been identified in many species, including zebrafish (Danio rerio) zfDB-1, -2, and -3; fugu (Takifugu rubripes) fuDB-1; tetraodron (Tetraodon nigroviridis) tnDB-1 and -2; 12) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) omDB-1 to -4; 15,16) olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fBDI-1 to -5; 17) gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) saBD; 18) orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) EcDefensin; 19) mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) ScBD; 20) and the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) BD1 and BD2. 21) Based on homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis, the multiple defensin-like genes discovered in fish have been classified into two subgroups, the BD-1 group, and another group containing BD-2 and BD-3.…”

“…12,15,21) After challenge with bacteria and with bacterial DNA, the gene expression of β-defensin was upregulated in some of these tissues, [16][17][18] suggesting the important role of this gene in the immune responses of fish. Moreover, the recombinant β-defensin peptides showed strong antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria E. coli, V. anguillarum, and A. hydrophila, [17][18][19][20] grampositive bacteria B. subtilis and S. saureus, 18,20) and certain viruses. 15,19) The immune system of vertebrates is composed of two subdivisions, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system, and innate immunity provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens.…”

“…Moreover, the recombinant β-defensin peptides showed strong antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria E. coli, V. anguillarum, and A. hydrophila, [17][18][19][20] grampositive bacteria B. subtilis and S. saureus, 18,20) and certain viruses. 15,19) The immune system of vertebrates is composed of two subdivisions, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system, and innate immunity provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens. In fish, the adaptive immune system is less well developed than in higher vertebrates, and hence innate system is vitally important.…”