“…Evidence is mixed, with studies finding both positive outcomes (Carlson, Burn, Useem, & Yachimowicz, 1990;Litvin, 2003) and no change in students (Ceasar & Jones-Rikker, 2001;Gullekson, Tucker, Coombs Jr., & Wright, 2011;Kitsantas, 2004). Perhaps in response to these mixed outcomes, a separate stream of research offers practical advice on how to build and run a study abroad program (Henthorne, Miller, & Hudson, 2001;Sachau et al, 2010). Although knowledge about how to run effective short-term programs, and the range of possible outcomes they predict, are both important, they do not explain why students choose short-term or long-term study abroad programs.…”