Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory is a popular but controversial theory of employee satisfaction. The theory was at the center of a long debate that focused on conceptual and methodological problems with the theory. Now, more than 30 years after the debate and despite multiple claims that Herzberg's theory is dead, emerging research from the field of positive psychology is surprisingly consistent with basic tenets of the motivation-hygiene theory. It may be time to resurrect Herzberg's theory. This article includes a summary of the motivationhygiene theory, a clarification of long-standing misinterpretations of the theory, and an examination of the fit between Herzberg's theory and contemporary research on happiness, intrinsic motivation, and materialism. The benefits of returning to Herzberg's model are discussed.
Two studies examined how contextual cues influence the impact of receiving instructions for improving performance on intrinsic motivation. The authors proposed that whether instruction enhances or decreases motivation depends on the salience of performance goals. Goal salience was proposed to be a function of how an individual defines the activity, which, in turn, may be influenced by contextual features. To test this hypothesis, the authors used a computer game that emphasized fantasy in addition to skill, and they varied the presence of contextual cues highlighting performance. In Study 1, the authors varied the presence of prior performance feedback, and found that instruction decreased interest only when no prior performance feedback (positive or negative) was received. In Study 2, the authors explicitly manipulated contextual salience by describing the activity's goals as either skill- or fantasy-related. Instruction decreased interest in the fantasy-emphasis context, but increased interest in the skill-emphasis context. Furthermore, when instruction matched perceived goals Ss experienced greater positive affect while performing the task. The implications for models of intrinsic motivation are discussed.
Nearly 250,000 U.S. college students participate in study abroad programs each year. A growing proportion of students are participating in short-term study abroad programs. Despite the large number of students in these programs, there are relatively few articles that describe how to start or manage a short-term, business-related, study abroad program. With this in mind, this article includes three examples of short-term study abroad programs: the summer semester abroad, the study tour, and the servicelearning trip. Benefits of short-term study abroad programs are discussed. The article also includes tips for designing and managing the programs. The article is intended as a resource for faculty who are considering taking students abroad.
Sandbagging is a self-presentational strategy involving the false prediction or feigned demonstration of inability. Three studies explored the individual differences and situational variables influencing sandbagging behavior. Study 1 demonstrated that the newly created Sandbagging Scale possessed adequate reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The next two studies examined the social determinants of sandbagging. In Study 2, greater performance pressure led participants with higher scores on the Sandbagging Scale to predict worse performance on an upcoming task. In Study 3, participants with higher scores on the Sandbagging Scale were more likely to predict worse performance on an upcoming task to someone who was ostensibly evaluating their performance, but only when the individual did not possess prior performance information. Sandbagging is discussed as a self-presentational strategy used to reduce performance pressure and provide a low baseline against which subsequent performance can be compared.Sandbagging is a self-presentational strategy involving the false claim or feigned demonstration of inability used to create artificially low expectations for the sandbagger's performance. The sandbagger predicts, or provides information allowing an observer to predict, a level of performance lower than the sandbagger is capable of attaining. The origin of the term "sandbagging" is somewhat unclear. One possibility is that the term is based on an analogy related to using sandbags to hold back rivers during high water. Another possibility is that the term came from horse racing. Jockeys are often equated for weight by placing bags of sand on lighter jockeys' horses. A third possibility is that sandbagging refers to a bag of sand used as a weapon, typically applied in a surprise attack to the back of the head. Despite the uncertainties surrounding its origin, the term sandbagging has a long history of use in competitive settings. For example, sandbagging is common in the parlance of coaches and card players. A sandbagging coach may publicly predict poor performance for her well-prepared and talented team. A poker player with a strong hand may bet as if he has a weak hand in early betting rounds. The term is also used in country clubs and pool halls. An experienced golfer may sandbag by claiming to be a novice. A pool shark may intentionally lose a few games to set the stage for a later bet. Recent social psychological research suggests that sandbagging in competition can be used to lull an opponent into a false sense of security. Shepperd and Socherman (1997) showed that by claiming low levels of ability, the sandbagger sends the message to an opponent that there is no reason to prepare for or exert effort during competition. Thus, the competitive sandbagger uses sandbagging as a way to gain an edge against his or her opponents.Sandbagging, however, is not limited to competitive settings. There are a wide variety of performance domains in which false predictions of poor performance are directed at e...
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