Thinking in action: Need for Cognition predicts Self-Control together with Action Orientation

Grass, Julia; Krieger, Florian; Paulus, Philipp C.; Greiff, Samuel; Strobel, Anja; Strobel, Alexander

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220282

Cited by 20 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…Although there are some studies that investigated the relationship between NFC and self‐control (Bertrams & Dickhäuser, 2009, 2012b; Grass et al., 2018; Grass, Krieger, et al., 2019; Nishiguchi et al., 2016), hardly any study examined the relationship between NFC and inhibitory control or other EF. One study investigated correlations of NFC with performance in the Stroop task and found no correlation with mean reaction times in interference trials when administering a Stroop task without a previous depleting task (Bertrams & Dickhäuser, 2012a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No relation of Need for Cognition to basic executive functions

Gärtner

Grass

Wolff

et al. 2021

Journal of Personality

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The investment trait Need for Cognition (NFC;Cacioppo & Petty, 1982;von Stumm & Ackerman, 2013) refers to relatively stable interindividual differences in the tendency to engage in and enjoy cognitively challenging tasks (Cacioppo et al., 1996). NFC has been examined in a large number of studies. Respective research has especially focused on its relations to individual differences in information processing (Cacioppo et al., 1996), to other cognitive (e.g., Fleischhauer

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No relation of Need for Cognition to basic executive functions

Gärtner

Grass

Wolff

et al. 2021

Journal of Personality

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“…Given the conceptual overlap concerning effort investment, there have been empirical efforts to relate NFC to Self-Control that typically yielded correlations of r = .30 –.40 [ 24 – 27 ]. In one of these studies that preceded the present one, we also aimed to relate both constructs more systematically to each other and to establish a hierarchical factor model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispositional cognitive effort investment and behavioral demand avoidance: Are they related?

et al. 2020

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Individuals tend to avoid cognitive demand, yet, individual differences appear to exist. Recent evidence from two studies suggests that individuals high in the personality traits Self-Control and Need for Cognition that are related to the broader construct Cognitive Effort Investment are less prone to avoid cognitive demand and show less effort discounting. These findings suggest that cost-benefit models of decision-making that integrate the costs due to effort should consider individual differences in the willingness to exert mental effort. However, to date, there are almost no replication attempts of the above findings. For the present conceptual replication, we concentrated on the avoidance of cognitive demand and used a longitudinal design and latent state-trait modeling. This approach enabled us to separate the trait-specific variance in our measures of Cognitive Effort Investment and Demand Avoidance that is due to stable, individual differences from the variance that is due to the measurement occasion, the methods used, and measurement error. Doing so allowed us to test the assumption that self-reported Cognitive Effort Investment is related to behavioral Demand Avoidance more directly by relating their trait-like features to each other. In a sample of N = 217 participants, we observed both self-reported Cognitive Effort Investment and behavioral Demand Avoidance to exhibit considerable portions of trait variance. However, these trait variances were not significantly related to each other. Thus, our results call into question previous findings of a relationship between self-reported effort investment and demand avoidance. We suggest that novel paradigms are needed to emulate real-world effortful situations and enable better mapping between self-reported measures and behavioral markers of the willingness to exert cognitive effort.

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“…On a cognitive level, effortful control is highly related to executive functions, especially to updating and monitoring processes in working memory (Bridgett et al, 2013). Finally, self-control and effortful control are strongly correlated and load on a common self-control factor (Grass et al, 2019). In summary, we postulate that there are two main clusters having an impact on cognitive effort investment: The first refers to dimensions associated with cognitive motivation, i.e., NFC and intellect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Dispositional Individual Differences in Cognitive Effort Investment: Establishing the Core Construct

Kührt¹,

Pannasch²,

Kiebel³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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It is commonly assumed that individuals tend to avoid effort, be it physical or cognitive. Yet, recent evidence suggests that individual differences exist and that personality traits related to the willingness to invest cognitive effort in goal-directed behavior are associated with experimental measures of cognitive effort investment. The personality traits need for cognition (NFC) and self-control were found to be related to behavioral measures of effort discounting and demand avoidance, respectively. Given that NFC and self-control are only moderately related, this evidence raises the question whether these associations are specific for these traits or whether they reflect a common core that these traits both involve cognitive effort investment. If so, the common core of both traits might be related to behavioral measures of the avoidance of cognitive effort in a more systematic fashion. Thus, the present study aimed at specifying a core construct of cognitive effort investment that reflects dispositional differences in the willingness and tendency to exert effortful control. Therefore, we conducted an online-study (N = 613) with questionnaires related to cognitive motivation and effort investment including the NFC and the self-control scale. Our findings support the hypothesized correlations between the assessed traits, where the relationship of NFC and self-control is specifically mediated via an aspect that can be conceptualized as goal-directedness. We found that a hierarchical factor model of cognitive motivation and effortful self-control can explain the shared variance of these two first-order factors by a second-order factor of cognitive effort investment. These findings are backed up by results of an independent second sample (N = 244). Taken together, our results integrate currently only loosely related research strands on cognitive motivation and self-control and provide a basis for further experimental research on the role of dispositional individual differences in goal-directed behavior.

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Thinking in action: Need for Cognition predicts Self-Control together with Action Orientation

Cited by 20 publications

References 64 publications

No relation of Need for Cognition to basic executive functions

No relation of Need for Cognition to basic executive functions

Dispositional cognitive effort investment and behavioral demand avoidance: Are they related?

Dispositional Individual Differences in Cognitive Effort Investment: Establishing the Core Construct

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