Mental disorders, exercise capacity, long-term oxygen therapy, right heart failure, and age play important role in the quality of life in patients with PAH and CTEPH.
High patient emotional arousal during rationale development for in vivo exposure in CBT for panic disorder with agoraphobia might endanger comprehension of the exposure rationale. Since therapists are supposed to coregulate patients’ emotions, this study investigated whether there was evidence of coregulation of vocally encoded emotional arousal, assessed by fundamental frequency (f0), during rationale development. Furthermore, the association of patient f0 stability and therapist coregulation with patients’ perceived rationale plausibility was analyzed. N = 197 therapy videos—used to deduct f0—from a multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluating therapist-guided exposure on CBT outcome were analyzed post hoc. Plausibility of the exposure rationale was assessed by patients after its development. This trial-specific rating aggregates plausibility ratings for every manual component in the development of the exposure rationale and showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .85). Stability in f0 and its coregulation were calculated using cross-lagged Actor–Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs), and APIM dyad estimates were associated with plausibility using linear regression analyses. Analyses indicated a relative stability in emotional arousal within both patients and therapists. Therapists’ f0 had a significant effect on patients in that with therapist covariation, patients’ f0 departed from their equilibrium level, while patients’ f0 had no effect on therapists. Therapists’ f0 covariation was positively associated with rationale plausibility. This study sheds light on interpersonal regulation mechanisms of patients’ and therapists’ emotional arousal during development of the exposure rationale. It suggests that coregulation of patients’ emotional arousal supports patients’ perceived rationale plausibility.
Individuals tend to avoid cognitive demand, yet, individual differences appear to exist. Recent evidence from two studies suggests that individuals high in the personality traits Self-Control and Need for Cognition that are related to the broader construct Cognitive Effort Investment are less prone to avoid cognitive demand and show less effort discounting. These findings suggest that cost-benefit models of decision-making that integrate the costs due to effort should consider individual differences in the willingness to exert mental effort. However, to date, there are almost no replication attempts of the above findings. For the present conceptual replication, we concentrated on the avoidance of cognitive demand and used a longitudinal design and latent state-trait modeling. This approach enabled us to separate the trait-specific variance in our measures of Cognitive Effort Investment and Demand Avoidance that is due to stable, individual differences from the variance that is due to the measurement occasion, the methods used, and measurement error. Doing so allowed us to test the assumption that self-reported Cognitive Effort Investment is related to behavioral Demand Avoidance more directly by relating their trait-like features to each other. In a sample of N = 217 participants, we observed both self-reported Cognitive Effort Investment and behavioral Demand Avoidance to exhibit considerable portions of trait variance. However, these trait variances were not significantly related to each other. Thus, our results call into question previous findings of a relationship between self-reported effort investment and demand avoidance. We suggest that novel paradigms are needed to emulate real-world effortful situations and enable better mapping between self-reported measures and behavioral markers of the willingness to exert cognitive effort.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.