Thermodynamics data of valuable elements relevant to e-waste processing through primary and secondary copper production: a review

Shuva, M. A. H.; Rhamdhani, M. Akbar; Brooks, Geoffrey; Masood, Syed H.; Reuter, M.A.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.061

Cited by 77 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…To realize an m-IoT requires the assimilation of not only real-time process data but also thermodynamic data to calibrate the required system models that quantify all the losses, including entropy. [84] 11. The given theoretical engineering foundation provides a basis for the formulation of RE and provides the basis for CEE.…”

Section: Circular Economy Corporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digitalizing the Circular Economy

Reuter

2016

Metall Mater Trans B

101

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Metallurgy is a key enabler of a circular economy (CE), its digitalization is the metallurgical Internet of Things (m-IoT). In short: Metallurgy is at the heart of a CE, as metals all have strong intrinsic recycling potentials. Process metallurgy, as a key enabler for a CE, will help much to deliver its goals. The first-principles models of process engineering help quantify the resource efficiency (RE) of the CE system, connecting all stakeholders via digitalization. This provides well-argued and first-principles environmental information to empower a tax paying consumer society, policy, legislators, and environmentalists. It provides the details of capital expenditure and operational expenditure estimates. Through this path, the opportunities and limits of a CE, recycling, and its technology can be estimated. The true boundaries of sustainability can be determined in addition to the techno-economic evaluation of RE. The integration of metallurgical reactor technology and systems digitally, not only on one site but linking different sites globally via hardware, is the basis for describing CE systems as dynamic feedback control loops, i.e., the m-IoT. It is the linkage of the global carrier metallurgical processing system infrastructure that maximizes the recovery of all minor and technology elements in its associated refining metallurgical infrastructure. This will be illustrated through the following: (1) System optimization models for multimetal metallurgical processing. These map large-scale m-IoT systems linked to computer-aided design tools of the original equipment manufacturers and then establish a recycling index through the quantification of RE. (2) Reactor optimization and industrial system solutions to realize the ''CE (within a) Corporation-CEC,'' realizing the CE of society. (3) Real-time measurement of ore and scrap properties in intelligent plant structures, linked to the modeling, simulation, and optimization of industrial extractive process metallurgical reactors and plants for both primary and secondary materials processing. (4) Big-data analysis and process control of industrial metallurgical systems, processes, and reactors by the application of, among others, artificial intelligence techniques and computer-aided engineering. (5) Minerals processing and process metallurgical theory, technology, simulation, and analytical

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Section: Circular Economy Corporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digitalizing the Circular Economy

Reuter

2016

Metall Mater Trans B

101

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“…We have recently published papers investigating rare elements In, Ga and Ge [10] and the PG-metal Ir [11] in secondary copper smelting with high-alumina slags. A review paper by Shuva et al [12] collected the existing literature on minor element distributions in primary and secondary copper smelting. It shows that precious metal distributions in primary smelting with copper matte-slag systems have been investigated more broadly [13][14][15][16][17][18] than in secondary smelting between metallic copper and slag.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precious metal recoveries in secondary copper smelting with high-alumina slags

Avarmaa

O’Brien

Klemettinen

et al. 2019

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) represents a significant urban resource for precious metals. To maximize the recoveries and sustainable use of these metals, their behavior needs to be characterized in the secondary copper smelting of WEEE. The current study experimentally determined the distributions of gold, silver, platinum and palladium between copper alloy and FeO x-SiO 2-Al 2 O 3 /FeO x-SiO 2-Al 2 O 3-CaO slags (L Cu/s [M] = [M] Copper /[M] Slag) over the oxygen partial pressure range of 10 −5-10 −10 atm at 1300 °C. In addition, the equilibria of copper alloy, slag and Al-Fe spinel system are presented and discussed. The experiments were conducted employing an equilibration-drop-quenching technique followed by major element analysis with Electron Probe MicroAnalysis (EPMA) and trace element analysis with sensitive Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results showed that the distribution coefficient of silver increased from 10 to 10 3 as a function of decreasing oxygen partial pressure. For gold, platinum and palladium, the distribution coefficients were at minimum 10 5. Lime addition improved the recovery of silver notably and had a small positive effect on gold recovery into copper. Overall, the precious metals can be recovered very efficiently in copper alloy via secondary copper smelting with alumina-rich iron-silicate slags.

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“…These results demonstrated that Sn(II) was oxidized more readily than Fe(II) in the presence of oxygen (Eqs. 3 and 5), consistent with their thermodynamic calculations . In addition, the cathodic reductive character explains the existence of more reduced precipitates [Fe(II) and Cu(0)] above.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, a large volume of stripping solution was generated from PrCB manufacturing processes that included imaging, plating, and etching. The three most abundant metals in these stripping solutions had large ranges of concentrations of 0.002–53 g/L (Sn), 0.7–40 g/L (Cu) and 2.7–25 g/L (Fe), which were similar to or higher than metal concentrations in the original ores . Thus, efficient approaches for recovering and separating these metals are needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient In Situ Utilization of Caustic for Sequential Recovery and Separation of Sn, Fe, and Cu in Microbial Fuel Cells

et al. 2018

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A novel strategy to sequentially recover and separate Sn(II), Fe(II) and Cu(II) from a synthetic wastewater from printed circuit board (PrCB) manufacturing in a single microbial fuel cell (MFCSn)‐MFCFe‐MFCCu process was achieved, where in‐situ produced caustic was primarily utilized for Sn precipitation (MFCSn) and then secondly used for Fe deposition (MFCFe) and anaerobic Cu(II) reduction in the final MFCCu. An external resistance of 1000 Ω in the MFCSn and MFCFe, and a 10 Ω resistor in the MFCCu achieved predominant recovery of Sn (MFCSn: 80.8±0.8 %), Fe (MFCFe: 59.1±0.8 %), and Cu (MFCCu: 68.2±1.8 %) in the three MFCs, with separation factors of 32.1±1.6 for Sn (MFCSn) and 7.5±1.8 for Fe (MFCFe), and complete recovery of Cu (MFCCu, 42‐mesh cathodes). The metal concentrations in the final effluent were below national discharge limits (Sn, 2.0 mg/L; Fe, 5.0 mg/L; Cu, 0.2 mg/L). The metal recoveries ranged from 2.6 (Sn, MFCSn)–12.0 (Cu, MFCCu), and the separation factors were 8.4 (Sn, MFCSn)–∞ (Cu, MFCCu) times those of the open circuit controls. Cathodes with 120‐mesh size of stainless steel mesh produced lower metal recoveries [33.7 % (Sn, MFCSn) and 27.0 % (Fe, MFCFe) decrease] and separation factors than MFCs with 42‐mesh cathodes. This study provides a viable approach for efficiently recovering and separating Sn, Fe and Cu from stripping solutions produced in PrCB manufacturing, with simultaneous power production.

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Thermodynamics data of valuable elements relevant to e-waste processing through primary and secondary copper production: a review

Cited by 77 publications

References 72 publications

Digitalizing the Circular Economy

Digitalizing the Circular Economy

Precious metal recoveries in secondary copper smelting with high-alumina slags

Efficient In Situ Utilization of Caustic for Sequential Recovery and Separation of Sn, Fe, and Cu in Microbial Fuel Cells

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