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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT is the first satellite instrument whose measurements are sensitive to concentration changes of the two gases at all altitude levels down to the Earth's surface where the source/sink signals are largest. We have processed three years (2003)(2004)(2005) of SCIAMACHY nearinfrared nadir measurements to simultaneously retrieve vertical columns of CO 2 (from the 1.58 µm absorption band), CH 4 (1.66 µm) and oxygen (O 2 A-band at 0.76 µm) using the scientific retrieval algorithm WFM-DOAS. We show that the latest version of WFM-DOAS, version 1.0, which is used for this study, has been significantly improved with respect to its accuracy compared to the previous versions while essentially maintaining its high processing speed (∼1 min per orbit, corresponding to ∼6000 single measurements, and per gas on a standard PC). The greenhouse gas columns are converted to dry air column-averaged mole fractions, denoted XCO 2 (in ppm) and XCH 4 (in ppb), by dividing the greenhouse gas columns by simultaneously retrieved dry air columns. For XCO 2 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved O 2 columns. For XCH 4 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved CO 2 columns because of better cancellation of light path related errors compared to using O 2 columns retrieved from the spectrally distant O 2 Aband. Here we focus on a discussion of the XCO 2 data set. The XCH 4 data set is discussed in a separate paper (Part 2). In order to assess the quality of the retrieved XCO 2 we present comparisons with Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) XCO 2 measurements at two northern hemispheric mid-latitude ground stations. To assess the quality globally, we present detailed comparisons with global XCO 2 fields obtained from NOAA's CO 2 assimilation system CarCorrespondence to: M. Buchwitz (michael.buchwitz@iup.physik.unibremen.de) bonTracker. For the Northern Hemisphere we find good agreement with the reference data for the CO 2 seasonal cycle and the CO 2 annual increase. For the Southern Hemisphere, where significantly less data are available for averaging compared to the Northern Hemisphere, the CO 2 annual increase is also in good agreement with CarbonTracker but the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle show systematic differences (up to several ppm) arising partially from the O 2 normalization most likely caused by unconsidered scattering effects due to subvisual cirrus clouds. The retrieved XCO 2 regional pattern at monthly resolution over various regions show clear correlations with CarbonTracker but also significant differences. Typically the retrieved variability is about 4 ppm (1% of 380 ppm) higher but depending on time and location differences can reach or even exceed 8 ppm. Based on the error analysis and on the comparison with the reference data we conclude that the XCO 2 data set can be characterized by a single measurement retrieval precision (random error) of 1-2%, a systematic low bias ...

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