Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Ag-Bi-Sn Alloys

Abstract

As a promising lead-free solder, the thermodynamic properties of the liquid ternary Ag-Bi-Sn system were investigated. Using an appropriate galvanic cell, the partial free energies of Sn in liquid Ag-Bi-Sn alloys were determined as a function of concentration and temperature. Thermodynamic properties were obtained for 27 alloys. Their composition was situated on three cross sections with the constant ratios of Ag:Bi = 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2. The integral Gibbs free energy and the integral enthalpy for the ternary system at 900 K were calculated by Gibbs-Duhem integration.

Phase equilibria and solidification of ternary Sn–Bi–Ag alloys

“…As seen in Fig. 3(a)-(c), the calculated results are in agreement with the experimental measurements [10]. Fig.…”

“…Fig. 3(a)-(c) shows the calculated activities of Sn at 1000 K superimposed with the experimental measurements [10] at Ag/Bi = 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 respectively. The experimental results were determined [10] using a galvanic cell to measure the partial free energy of Sn in liquid ternary alloys, and then the activity of Sn can be calculated using the emf (eletromotive force) values obtained from the experiments.…”

“…The phase diagrams of the ternary Sn-Bi-Ag system and its three binary constituent systems have been determined previously [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Both binary Sn-Ag and Sn-Bi systems are simple eutectic systems with no binary compounds [9,10].…”

“…The phase diagrams of the ternary Sn-Bi-Ag system and its three binary constituent systems have been determined previously [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Both binary Sn-Ag and Sn-Bi systems are simple eutectic systems with no binary compounds [9,10]. There are two intermediate phases in the Ag-Sn system [11] and no ternary compounds in the ternary Sn-Bi-Ag system [6][7][8].…”

Thermodynamic investigations of ternary liquid alloys

“…The thermodynamic properties of several ternary alloys have been investigated by the authors [7][8][9][10][11].…”