Phase equilibria and solidification of ternary Sn–Bi–Ag alloys

Complex eutectic growth and Bi precipitation in ternary Sn-Bi-Cu and Sn-Bi-Ag alloys

“…Although studies on phase equilibria and solidification behavior of Sn-Bi-Ag alloys are available in the literature [8][9][10][11], metallographic analyses of alloys cooled from the melt under equilibrium conditions have been barely shown. Other than, the microstructural evolutions of Sn-Bi-Ag and Sn-Bi-Cu solder alloys for non-equilibrium cooling conditions have not been reported so far.…”

Cooling thermal parameters and microstructure features of directionally solidified ternary Sn–Bi–(Cu,Ag) solder alloys

“…Even though studies on the phase equilibria and solidification behavior of alloys of the Sn-Bi-Ag system were previously performed [24][25][26][27], metallographic analyses of the equilibrium alloys have been barely shown. Other than, lack of investigations on microstructure formation and evolution of Sn-Bi-Ag and Sn-Bi-Cu solder alloys is also noted for non-equilibrium cooling conditions.…”

Phase Diagrams and Their Applications in Pb‐Free Soldering

“…Both experimental and thermodynamic modeling results are usually available for most of the binary solder-related phase diagrams; however, information regarding the ternary and higherordersystemsisrelativelylimited.Experimentalphaseequilibriummeasurementsareavailable for Sn-Ag-Au [19][20][21][22], Sn-Ag-Cu [23][24][25][26][27], Sn-Ag-Ni [28], Sn-Bi-Au [29], Sn-Bi-Ag [30,31], Sn-Bi-Cu [32], Sn-Bi-Fe [33], Sn-Bi-Ni [34], Sn-Cu-Au [35], Sn-Cu-Ni [36,37], Sn-In-Au [38], Sn-In-Cu [39], Sn-In-Ag [40], Sn-In-Ni [41], Sn-Sb-Ag [12,[42][43][44], Sn-Sb-Au [45], Sn-Zn-Ag [46], Sn-Zn-Bi [47], and Sn-Zn-Cu [48], and Sn-Ag-Cu-Ni [49,50] systems. As for lead-free soldering, there are some commercial thermodynamics databases, such as COST531 database [51], NIST solder database [52] and ADAMIS database [53].…”

“…31 Calculated isothermal sections of Sn-Bi-Fe ternary system at 500 C together with the resultant microstructures of corresponding Sn-57wt%Bi/Fe couples[33].…”