Thermocouple materials

Abstract

22. Thermal emf of iridium versus Pt 27 12 23. Temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of iridium 12 24. Electrical resistivity of iridium 12 25. Thermal expansion of iridium relative to length atO°C(Z,/Zo) 12 26. True specific heat of iridium 13 27. Normal spectral emissivities of iridium at 295°K 13 28. Reflectivity of iridium 13 29. Thermal emf of platinum-iridium 15% and palladium versus Pt 27 13 30. Ultimate tensile strength of platinum-iridium alloys, psi 14 31. Tensile strength of commercial palladium at temperatures up to 1,100°C 14 32. Electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance of some platinum-iridium alloys 15 33. Electrical resistivity of palladium at temperatures up to 1,400°C, and relative resistivity up to 800°C 15 34. Coefficient of thermal expansion of the platinum-iridium 20% alloy 15 35. Thermal expansion of palladium 15 36. True and mean specific heats of palladium 15 37. Total emissivity of palladium 16 38. Properties of Platinel 16 39. Calibration of Platinel thermocouples 16 40. ISA types of base-metal thermocouples 17 41. Special tolerances for different sizes of Chromel-Alumel thermocouple wire 17 42. Maximum recommended operating temperatures for type K thermocouples 17 43. Changes in the calibration of Chromel-Alumel (type K) thermocouples heated in air (electric furnace)^18 44. Thermoelectric power of Geminol 18 45. Maximum recommended temperatures for Geminol thermocouples 19 46. Recommended upper temperatures for diiferent wire sizes, iron-constantan 19 47. Changes in the calibration of iron-constantan thermocouples heated in air (electric furnace) 20 28 74. True and mean thermal coefficients of expansion of copper 28 75. True and mean specific heats of copper 28 76. Thermal conductivity of copper 28 77. Thermal emf of copper relative to platinum 28 78. Some properties of constantan 29 79. Thermal emf of constantan versus Pt 27 29 80. Electrical resistivity of constantan (55'Cu-45 Ni) relative to the resistivity at 0°C {R,/Ro). 29 81. Physical properties of tungsten 30 82. Chemical properties of tungsten 31 83. Physical properties of molybdenum 31 84. Chemical properties of molybdenum 32 iii Tables-Continued Page 85. Thermal emf of the tungsten versus molybdenum thermocouple 32 86. Analysis of rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten 33 87. Tensile and elongation data for annealed and cold-rolled rhenium sheet 33 88. Electrical resistivity of rhenium from 20 to 2,400°C 33 89. Specific heat of rhenium 33 90. Linear thermal expansion of rhenium 33 91. Spectral emissivity of rhenium 34 92. Thermal emfs of W versus Re and Mo versus Re thermocouples [106] 34 93. Thermal emfs of W versus Re and Mo versus Re thermocouples [122] 34 94. Calibration data for tungsten versus rheniumalloy thermocouples and for thermocouples of two tungsten-rhenium alloys 34 95. Chemical analyses of tungsten-rhenium alloys and tungsten 34 96. Thermal emf of the tungsten versus iridium thermocouple 35 97. Thermocouples using carbon and its modifications 36 98. Dimensions and wire sizes of a...

Quantitative histological studies on age changes in bone

“…In the present series of normal vertebrae, the proportion by volume of bone during the period of growth remained constant although the absolute volume increased considerably. However, after the age of 50 yr the proportion gradually declined in most cases, but this change was not as striking as previously reported; e.g., by Caldwell (1962), using a radiographic technique on slabs of vertebral bodies, and Arnold (1964), who measured the ash content per unit volume of vertebral medullary tissue. Both used routine hospital necropsy material.…”

Textile yarn thermocouples for use in fabrics

“…Generally, a thermocouple is made of a pair of different metal wires such as platinum, rhodium, iridium, chromel, alumel, iron, copper, and constantan. 2 Jones, 3 in his master’s thesis, reported the use of metal wires, that is, copper and constantan, to form a type-T thermocouple inserted in woven fabrics so as to obtain a temperature sensor to measure body temperature. In his work, metal wires were used which made the textile less flexible and uncomfortable to wear.…”

Characterization of the ECN spray A in different facilities. Part 1: boundary conditions characterization

“…where: r is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, e is the temperature dependent emissivity (typical value for thermocouple wire can be found in [56]), h is the convection heat-transfer coefficient, T s is the temperature of wall surfaces surrounding the junction, and s h and s c are respectively the time constant of the convective heat-transfer contribution and the time constant of the conduction heat-transfer contribution.…”