“…TiO 2 was present in the anatase and rutile forms: the peaks at 24.9, 36.8, 37.7, 47.7, 53.7, and 62.7° in XRD were characteristic of the anatase form of TiO 2 , indicated by the letter a, whereas the peaks at 27, 36, 41.1, and 54.68° were characteristic of the rutile form, indicated by the letter r, as shown in Figure 2 16. The characteristic diffraction patterns of Al 2 O 3 were observed at 34.7, 36.9, 39.4, 45.38, and 67° 5. The average particle sizes could be calculated from the Scherrer equation: where L is the average particle size, λ = 0.1540 nm and is the wavelength of the laser, K = 0.9 and is the Scherrer constant, β is the maximum width at half of the peak height (rad), and θ is the value of the angle at peak height.…”