Thermal effect on the dielectric function and small polaron hopping conduction in organic molecular crystals

Investigations on electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of Na doped ZnO synthesized from sol gel method

“…Around these levels, the charge carriers are localized and creating a small polaron [18][19][20]. The conduction can take place by transfer of electrons between the localized states [21]. As it is reported in the literature, the presence of more than one valance states on transition metal ion suggests that polaronic conduction is attributed to a hopping mechanism of electrons from low valence state to high valance one [22][23][24].…”