The multi-step error separation technique is a important method of roundness error separation, but it is not suitable to be used in measuring online for multiple inversion of tested parts, long measurement period and vulnerable to surroundings in the implementation process. In this paper, the studies of single-probe two-step error separation method have been realized by single sensor which is rotated by different angle two times. Not only the influence of harmonic control is reduced, but also the efficiency is greatly improved. It has the advantages of multi-probe method and multi-step method. A mathematical description of the method is given by this paper, which establishes a error separation