The Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) of Pacific Oysters Crassostrea gigas Is Upaccumulated During Infection by the Ostreid Herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1): an Indicator of the Warburg Effect

Abstract

Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is a key mitochondrial protein. VDAC drives cellular energy metabolism by controlling the influx and efflux of metabolites and ions through the mitochondrial membrane, playing a role in its permeabilization. This protein exerts a pivotal role during the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp, through its involvement in a particular metabolism that plays in favor of the virus, the Warburg effect. The Warburg effect corresponds to an atypical metabolic shift toward an aerobic glycolysis that provides energy for rapid cell division and resistance to apoptosis. In the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, the Warburg effect occurs during infection by Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1). At present, the role of VDAC in the Warburg effect, OsHV-1 infection and apoptosis is unknown. Here, we developed a specific antibody directed against C. gigas VDAC. This tool allowed us to quantify the tissue-specific expression of VDAC, to detect VDAC oligomers, and to follow the amount of VDAC in oysters deployed in the field. We showed that oysters sensitive to a mortality event in the field presented an accumulation of VDAC. Finally, we propose to use VDAC quantification as a tool to measure the oyster susceptibility to OsHV-1 depending on its environment.

Dual Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions: The Case of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 and the Cupped Oyster Crassostrea gigas

“…Such features of the infection process appear to be shared with other viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV; β-herpesvirus), Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and hepatitis C virus. 71–74 These findings were recently substantiated by Delisle et al, 75 who developed a specific C gigas VDAC antibody and identified associations between VDAC abundance and virus susceptibility during field exposures.…”

Omics approaches to investigate host–pathogen interactions in mass mortality outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas

“…Presently, a specific proteomics tool has been developed for VDAC quantification, which could be used to measure the oyster susceptibility to OsHV‐1 (Delisle et al . ). Proteomics was also used to analyse differences in susceptibility of Pacific oyster C. gigas and Sydney Rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata to the OsHV‐1 through observations in proteomic changes related to double‐strand RNA (dsRNA) (poly I:C and poly A:U) injection using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) (Masood et al .…”

Metabolic reprogramming in crustaceans: A vital immune and environmental response strategy

“…For instance, the voltage‐dependent anion channel (VDAC), which controls the influx and efflux of metabolites and ions through the mitochondrial membrane to drive cell energy metabolism, plays a pivotal role in WSSV infection in various crustaceans such as penaeid shrimp P . japonicus 49 and Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas , 50 indicating that viruses can exploit VDAC. Recently, Millard et al revealed that in addition to cytoskeleton remodelling and changes in phagocytic activity that aids entry and translocation of WSSV, miRNA‐induced metabolic shifts also occur, indicating that miRNA‐induced metabolites participate in host–viral interactions 51 …”