Omics approaches to investigate host–pathogen interactions in mass mortality outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas

Abstract

Mass mortality events are routinely reported in bivalve cultivation practices worldwide with significant economic consequences for the global aquaculture industry. Major contributors of these bivalve losses are infections caused by viruses and bacteria whose molecular action mechanisms are still not fully understood. This major bottleneck for shellfish cultivation presents an opportunity for fundamental research that can generate practical tools for reliable health assessments. To this end, newly developed omics approaches are likely to facilitate knowledge acquisition, especially if applied in conjunction with established and emergent immunological techniques. In recent years, various omics technologies (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) have been used to study the Pacific oyster mortality events associated with detection of ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) and Vibrio bacteria. These new approaches, especially when used in combination have significantly improved our understanding of this syndrome and associated diseases. In this paper, we review the current omics technologies that have been employed to investigate the interactions between Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and pathogens (e.g. OsHV-1 and Vibrio sp.), infection mechanisms, host susceptibility and resistance. Herein, we also highlight some of the current challenges and future directions of omics approaches in shellfish health research, including disease detection, diagnosis and treatment.

Mechanism of the Potential Therapeutic Candidate Bacillus subtilis BSXE-1601 Against Shrimp Pathogenic Vibrios and Multifunctional Metabolites Biosynthetic Capability of the Strain as Predicted by Genome Analysis

“…Our discovery provided the first evidence that amicoumacin A was highly active against the especially important Gram-negative shrimp pathogenic bacteria. These pathogens are also responsible for fatal diseases in fish, shellfish and sea cucumber (Li et al, 2010;Austin et al, 2012;Nguyen et al, 2019). Hence, our work may facilitate the application of the B. subtilis strain BSXE-1601 as the effective therapeutic for detrimental diseases in aquaculture.…”

“…LPE40 and S. marisflavi AP629 was inhibited by the bioactive strain BSXE-1601 isolated from both shrimp intestine and shrimp culture ponds in this study. These bacterial pathogens are not only the most important causative agents of bacterial infections in shrimp but also responsible for fatal diseases in fish, shellfish and sea cucumber (Wang et al, 1999(Wang et al, , 2000Li et al, 2010Li et al, , 2011Austin et al, 2012;Petton et al, 2015;Zheng et al, 2016;Boonsri et al, 2017;Chandrakala and Priya, 2017;Karnjana et al, 2019;Nguyen et al, 2019). The isolated strain BSXE-1601 was then identified as B. subtilis by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene.…”

The Pathobiome in Animal and Plant Diseases

“…Some taxonomic characteristics of pathobiomes are frequently encountered; for example, certain bacterial taxa (notably Vibrio and Photobacterium) are consistently elevated in diseased animals [55][56][57][58][59]. Patterns such as these can be uncovered through microbiome-wide association studies, where microbial consortia can be linked to disease states [60].…”

“…Patterns such as these can be uncovered through microbiome-wide association studies, where microbial consortia can be linked to disease states [60]. However, it is also clear that microbiomes associated with both health and disease differ between host species, and are additionally influenced by the ecological and geographical provenance of their hosts [59][60][61][62]. Geographically disparate Cladocora corals harbour a common core microbiome, suggested as key players in the coral holobiont, but microbial assemblages associated with diseased corals were more influenced by sampling location [61].…”

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Reproductive Effects on Immunity in the Clam Meretrix Petechialis During the Breeding Season

“…To date, the association of summer mortality and immunity in mollusc has been extensively studied. For example, a review in oyster Crassostrea gigas summarized the omics approaches to investigate hostpathogen interactions in mass mortality outbreaks [20]. Besides, pathogene caused mass mortality were widely reported in scallop Chlamys farreri [21], clam Chamelea gallina [22] and abalone Haliotis gigante [23].…”