The Velocity of Sound in Rocks and Glasses as a Function of Temperature

Ide, John M.

doi:10.1086/624595

Cited by 86 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…This model considers physical and mechanical properties for both scatterers and the medium (i.e., mass density, speed of sound and, for scatterers, Poisson ratio, radius and number density). For soda lime glass scatterers, these properties were considered to be a mass density of 2.38 g/cm 3 , Poisson ratio of 0.23, speed of sound of 5620 m/s (Ide 1937) and known-number densities of 0.05 and 0.03 million scatterers/mL for Duke40 and Duke50, respectively. Speed of sound and mass density of the background medium were measured as 1530 m/s and 1.01 g/cm 3 , respectively.…”

Section: Derived Bsc Scatterer Size and Anisotropy Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Application of Ultrafast Imaging to Spectral Tissue Characterization

García-Duitama

Chayer

Han

et al. 2015

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

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Section: Derived Bsc Scatterer Size and Anisotropy Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Application of Ultrafast Imaging to Spectral Tissue Characterization

García-Duitama

Chayer

Han

et al. 2015

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

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“…IDE (1937) reported irreversible reduction of compressional wave velocity as a result of heating specimens of Sudbury norite and Quincy granite in air to peak temperatures below 400°C. He suggested that differential thermal expansion between adjacent mineral grains creates new microcracks responsible for the decrease in velocity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic-frequency Laboratory Measurements of Shear Mode Viscoelasticity in Crustal Rocks II: Thermally Stressed Quartzite and Granite

Cao¹,

Jackson²

1998

Pure and Applied Geophysics

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Forced torsional oscillation techniques have been used to explore the seismic-frequency shear mode viscoelasticity of specimens of two crustal rocks (Cape Sorell quartzite and Delegate aplite), cycled between room temperature and 700°C under conditions of moderate confining pressure. The anisotropy and intergranular inhomogeneity of thermal expansivity in these materials give rise to large deviatoric stresses, resulting in thermal cracking at temperatures above a pressure-dependent threshold temperature, associated with the onset of very pronounced temperature sensitivity of the shear modulus, in general accord with the predictions of fracture mechanics models. For Delegate aplite in particular, the shear modulus behaves reproducibly during multiple thermal cycles at different confining pressures, consistent with the notion that the thermal cracks are of low aspect ratio (minimum/maximum dimension), and are therefore readily closed by the prevailing confining pressure once the thermal stresses are removed. Marked frequency-dependent dissipation of shear strain energy is observed on heating each rock to temperatures ] 500°C, although the attenuation varies significantly with prior thermal history, probably as a result of progressive dehydration and relaxation of deviatoric stresses. Temperature and pressure dependent crack densities for Delegate aplite have been estimated by comparison of the observed shear moduli with those expected for a crack-free aggregate. In parallel with the forced oscillation tests, measurements have been made of the rate at which (argon) pore pressure equilibrium is re-established following a perturbation. Combination of these results, which provide a proxy for permeability, with the inferred crack densities indicates that the variation of permeability with crack density is well described by a percolation model with a threshold crack density of 0.2.

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“…The effect of thermal cracking on the elastic properties of rocks was earlier considered by Ide (1937) and Birch & Bancroft (1942). More recently Barbish & Gardner (1969) have studied the effect of thermal cracking on the strength as well as the elastic properties of igneous rocks.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Creepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some New Rheological Experiments on Igneous Rocks at Temperatures up to 1120 C

Murrell¹,

Chakravarty²

1973

Geophysical Journal International

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The stress-strain relations and creep behaviour of a dolerite, a microgranodiorite, and a dunite have been determined in uniaxial compression at temperatures up to 1120°C. All three rocks remained brittle at temperatures up to 1050"C, with approximately linear stress-strain relations and small fracture strains. Creep tests were carried out at stresses (< 10' Nm-2)* which were low compared to the uniaxial compressive strength at the same temperature. At these stresses and in experiments with a duration of -1 d only transient creep was observed, with the creep strain proportional to a fractional power of the time (Andrade creep), as was observed in earlier experiments at lower temperatures, and the creep rate decreased with the elapse of time. The apparent viscosity, therefore, increases with time, having a value in the range 10I2 -10'' Nsm-2 after times of 10% and 10"-lo2' Nsm-' after times of -3y (by extrapolation)?. The activation energy for creep at a low stress of 130 x lo5 Nm-2 determined for microgranodiorite at temperatures greater than 800°C and for dolerite at temperatures greater than 940°C indicated that the creep was probably diffusion controlled. Using a theory due to Mott, the steady-state creep rate and the corresponding equivalent viscosity were calculated for the conditions of the experiments. The viscosities for pressures on the geotherms of Ringwood were then calculated, by making use of the proportionality between activation energy for diffusion and the absolute melting temperature. For stresses in the range lo6-10' Nm-' dolerite has a viscosity of 10"-lo2' Nsm-2 at at depths of 60-80 kin in oceanic areas, and at depths greater than 120 km in shield areas; and microgranodiorite at the same stresses has a similar viscosity at depths in the range 80-130 km in shield areas. These estimates are in satisfactory agreement with present concepts of the lithosphere. At temperatures above 1050°C the dolerite and microgranodiorite exhibited partial melting. The dolerite remained brittle, with the partial melt being extruded from microfractures, but the microgranodiorite showed some ductility. We can postulate that even rocks deep in the mantle may be brittle if their temperatures are not more than N 1OOO"C. A discussion is given of the apparent conflict between the experimental observation of hot brittleness and the geological observation that even some comparatively cool silicate rocks have apparently deformed in a ductile manner.lo5 Nm-2 = l b = lo6 dyn/cm2 = 14-50Lb/in2 t lo-' Nsm-2 = 1 poise. 1 212

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The Velocity of Sound in Rocks and Glasses as a Function of Temperature

Cited by 86 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental Application of Ultrafast Imaging to Spectral Tissue Characterization

Experimental Application of Ultrafast Imaging to Spectral Tissue Characterization

Seismic-frequency Laboratory Measurements of Shear Mode Viscoelasticity in Crustal Rocks II: Thermally Stressed Quartzite and Granite

Some New Rheological Experiments on Igneous Rocks at Temperatures up to 1120 C

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