The attainment of peace requires an understanding of aggression, violence, and evil, as well as a knowledge of the various paths that may lead to peace. This chapter begins by examining different ways to conceptualize and comprehend aggression and how it may be involved in peaceful as well as violent behavior. The chapter then reviews the extensive literature on many forms of direct (aggressive) and indirect (structural) violence. Violence is considered as a matter of fact. However, evil is considered as involving moral judgment. The literature describes how this judgment may be distorted by an attempt to distance evil from the self, how there are different ways to conceive of evil, and how religions attempt to contain it. Peace is considered as a goodness that is the opposite of evil. The literature on peace is described in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of four different paths towards peace. These may be characterized as involving: strength, negotiation, justice, and personal transformation. Each path may be considered as a way of developing peaceful cultures. Such cultures are described. The literature suggests that if cultures of peace are to develop in contemporary society, people must master different types of negotiation and nonviolent action.