The Use of Natural Materials in Nanocarbon Synthesis

Su, Dang Sheng

doi:10.1002/cssc.200900046

Cited by 88 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…During the thermal pyrolysis, the moisture and the volatile matter contents of biomass are removed and the remaining solid char often displays properties different from the pristine biomass materials. Therefore, the by-product char from biomass can be used to produce various carbon materials including activated carbon, porous carbon, even nanostructured carbons such as fullerenes, CNTs and graphene by well-designed synthesis routes [45][46][47][48]. The texture and surface functional groups of the obtained carbon materials can be further modified by employing appropriate activation methods and agents [25,49].…”

Section: Conversion Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage

Gao

Zhang

Song

et al. 2016

Materials Research Letters

430

181

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Electrochemical energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and batteries, have been proven to be the most effective energy conversion and storage technologies for practical application. However, further development of these energy storage devices is hindered by their poor electrode performance. Carbon materials used in supercapacitors and batteries are often derived from nonrenewable resources under harsh environments. Naturally abundant biomass is a green, alternative carbon source with many desired properties. This review article presents state of the art of renewable carbon materials derived from natural biomasses with an emphasis on their applications in supercapacitors and lithium-sulfur batteries. IMPACT STATEMENTThis review paper provides a comprehensive understanding for obtaining renewable carbons from natural biomass precursors via various activation methods for electrochemical energy storage application, especially for supercapacitor and lithium sulfur battery. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Conversion Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage

Gao

Zhang

Song

et al. 2016

Materials Research Letters

430

181

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“…[102] Natural minerals such as lava stones or sands were also found to be excellent catalysts to grow MWCNTs. [240][241][242][243][244][245][246][247][248][249] A relatively limited number of groups have investigated the potential of these materials, though. [241,[246][247]250] The main reason is probably that they do not offer much control over the catalyst composition and structure.…”

Section: Towards a Sustainable Production Of Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Su recently reviewed the progress made in this field. [240] Although it is unlikely that natural minerals will be used for the mass production of CNTs, they offer an easy, cheap, and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic catalysts, as chemicals are no longer needed to produce the catalyst and the energy consumption as well as waste water production are significantly decreased. We foresee that CNTs produced on natural minerals would find applications in the construction industry where high purity is not required, such as for reinforcement of concrete.…”

Section: Towards a Sustainable Production Of Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on the Growth Mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes: A Review

2011

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Tremendous progress has been achieved during the past 20 years on not only improving the yields of carbon nanotubes and move progressively towards their mass production, but also on gaining a profound fundamental understanding of the nucleation and the growth processes. Parameters that influence the yield but also the quality (e.g., microstructure, homogeneity within a batch) are better understood. The influence of the carbon precursor, the reaction conditions, the presence of a catalyst, the chemical and physical status of the latter, and other factors have been extensively studied. The purpose of the present Review is not to list all the experiments reported in the literature, but rather to identify trends and provide a comprehensive summary on the role of selected parameters. The role of the catalyst occupies a central place in this Review as a careful control of the metal particle size, particle dispersion on the support, the metastable phase formed under reaction conditions, its possible reconstruction, and faceting strongly influence the diameter of the carbon nanotubes, their structure (number of walls, graphene sheet orientation, chirality), their alignment, and the yield. The identified trends will be compared with recent observations on the growth of graphene. Recent results on metal-free catalysts will be analyzed from a different perspective.

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“…Investigations into new, cheaper feedstocks, and more efficient catalyst/support combinations suitable for the mass production of agglomerated and aligned CNTs with a high yield are needed. Growth of CNTs on natural materials has great potential to achieve environmentally benign, lowcost production [58]. Some minerals, such as garnet sand, wollastonites [41], montmorillonite, vermiculite [59], sepolite [60], and biomass-based activated carbon, have been used as catalysts and/or catalyst supports for the synthesis of CNTs.…”

Section: Low-cost and Large-scale Cnt Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some minerals, such as garnet sand, wollastonites [41], montmorillonite, vermiculite [59], sepolite [60], and biomass-based activated carbon, have been used as catalysts and/or catalyst supports for the synthesis of CNTs. Organic natural materials, such as coal, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas [21], camphor, eucalyptus oil, turpentine oil, and city gas can serve as carbon sources for CNT synthesis [58]. Various process intensification technologies, such as advanced catalysis processing, multifunctional reactors (such as two-stage fluidized beds), coupledprocess development, and one-step synthesis routes for direct CNT applications have been proposed to efficiently produce CNTs [16].…”

Section: Low-cost and Large-scale Cnt Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the large-scale production of carbon nanotubes: The practice of nanoscale process engineering

et al. 2011

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanomaterials that have attracted great research interest because of their unique properties and promising applications. The controllable synthesis of CNTs is a precondition for their broad application. In this review, we consider nanoscale process engineering and assess recent progress in the mass production of ultra-long, inexpensive CNTs with good alignment as well as tunability in wall number and diameter for fundamental and engineering science applications across multiple scales. Cutting-edge nanoscale process engineering research in the areas of physics, chemistry, materials, engineering, ecology, and social science will allow us to obtain high added value and multi-functional advanced CNTs. The synthesis of CNTs with controllable chirality, good-alignment, and predetermined sizes and lengths still presents great challenges. Through multidisciplinary scientific research, advanced CNT-based materials will promote the development of a sustainable society. According to the wall number of a CNT, it can be classified as a SWCNT, double-walled CNT (DWCNT), triple-walled CNT (TWCNT), or multi-walled CNT (MWCNT). Because of the covalent sp 2 bonds between individual carbon atoms, a nanotube can have a Young's modulus between 1.2-5.5 TPa, a tensile strength about a hundred times greater than that of steel, and can tolerate large strains before mechanical failure. A CNT can be a metal, semiconductor, or small-gap semiconductor. The state of the CNT depends heavily on the (m, n) indices, and, therefore, on the diameter and chirality. CNTs also possess tunable surfaces characteristics, well-defined hollow interiors, and high biocompatibility with living systems. Based on these properties, many potential applications, including both large-volume applications (such as conductive, electromagnetic, microwave absorbing, high-strength composites; super capacitor, or battery electrodes; catalyst and catalyst support; field emission displays; and transparent conducting films) and limited-volume applications (such as scanning probe tips; drug delivery systems; electronic devices; sensors; and actuators) have been proposed [2]. Controllable mass production of CNTs with the desired structures and properties is essential for future applications. In the past 20 years, arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods have been developed to produce CNTs in sizeable quantities. In CVD methods, the catalytic decomposition of a carbon feedstock into carbon and hydrogen atoms is initiated on an active catalyst surface, where the tubular CNTs grown. CVD growth can be achieved under mild conditions (such as normal pressure

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The Use of Natural Materials in Nanocarbon Synthesis

Cited by 88 publications

References 133 publications

Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage

Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage

Recent Progress on the Growth Mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes: A Review

A review of the large-scale production of carbon nanotubes: The practice of nanoscale process engineering

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