The use of bromelain as a feed additive in fish diets: Growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme and immune response of juvenile Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)

Abstract

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme extracted from Ananas comosus and has great potential to affect several physiological functions. The current study examined the effect of bromelain added to commercial feed at concentrations of 0 g (control), 10 g (B1) and 20 g (B2) per kg diet on growth, feed utilization, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme and immune response of juvenile Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) for 56 days. At the end of this experiment, the highest final body weight was detected in fish fed diet of B2 compared to control. The protein content of whole fish was higher in fish fed diet of B1 and B2, but the content of calcium, iron, copper and zinc was noted lower in fillets of fish fed diet of B1 and B2. Supplementation with bromelain significantly increased the height of mucosal folds, enterocytes and the supranuclear zone of the epithelial cells compared to control diet. The enzymatic activity of lipase and pepsin was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in fish fed diet of B1 and B2. The highest activity of lysozyme, total protein level and total immunoglobulin and the proliferative activity of T and B cells were detected in fish fed diet of B2 compared to control, where no significant (p > 0.05) difference was found in ceruloplasmin, metabolic activity of spleen macrophages and potential killing activity of spleen phagocytes between different treatments.

Effects of dietary supplementation with peony pollen on growth, intestinal function, fillet quality and fatty acids profiles of common carp

“…Body growth is positively correlated with nutrient digestion and absorption. Various digestive enzymes in intestine tissue play an important role in nutrient digestion, thus elevating digestive enzyme activity is an effective way to improve nutrient digestion (Hidalgo et al, 1999; Leibow & Rothman, 1975; Wiszniewski et al, 2019; Zhao, Li, et al, 2019; Zhou et al, 2019). The development of intestinal mucosa is represented by the increase in height and density of the intestinal villi.…”

Impacts of pineapple peel powder on growth performance, innate immunity, disease resistance, and relative immune gene expression of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

“…The authors explained that the bioactive compounds present in PLP modified the gut microbiome, leading to enhanced nutrient digestion and assimilation. The present findings may be attributed to several mechanisms: i) The acceptable flavour and palatability of pineapple [53]; ii) Pineapple peel contains high amount of phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid and ferulic acid, which can improve growth performance of fish and livestock [54][55][56][57]; iii) Bromelain supplementation significantly improved villus length and mucosal folds, boosted the enzymatic activity of lipase and pepsin, and enhanced gut tissue and intestinal absorptive cells, which consequently improved nutrients absorption and digestion [50,58,59]; iv) Pineapple chemical nutrients as carbon and other elements act as enlargement medium for the lactobacillus bacteria [60,61]. Interestingly, significantly lower growth performances were found in fish fed high dose of PAPP.…”

“…These results parallel those of Yuangsoi, Klahan, Charoenwattanasak and Lin [49], who found that Nile tilapia fed diets containing pineapple waste extract resulted in the optimal nutrient digestibility and growth response (p ≤ 0.05). Wiszniewski, Jarmołowicz, Hassaan, Mohammady, Soaudy, Łuczyńska, Tońska, Terech-Majewska, Ostaszewska and Kamaszewski [50] found that Sterlet fed diets…”

“…While the mechanism in which PAPP stimulates immune responses in Nile tilapia has not yet been explained, it may be due to the bioactive substances present in the PAPP. Pineapple contains various compounds with pharmacological properties, such as bromelain and ferulic acid, which could stimulate immune response of fish [50,56,57]. Recently, Campos, Coscueta, Vilas-Boas, Silva, Teixeira, Pastrana and Pintado [61] demonstrated that pineapple peel powder could promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in human.…”

High Retention and Purification of Bromelain Enzyme (Ananas comosus L. Merrill) from Pineapple Juice Using Plain and Hollow Polymeric Membranes Techniques

“…This enzyme shows fibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and edematous activities [2][3][4][5][6], which, as well, have been applied in the treatment of enkephalin [7] and leukemia, in anticancer activity [8], in the treatment of allergic airway disease [9][10][11] and in cosmetic compositions [12,13]. Bromelain has been used for dental care, in digestive aid and in food industries, such as breweries, meat processing, textiles and other [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Therefore, because the important benefits found for the health of humans and properties mentioned, commercial bromelain reaches a high price, being sold at USD 1000 per kg [4].…”