The urban growth of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo and its impact on the climate

Lima, Gabriela Narcizo de; Magaña, Víctor

doi:10.1016/j.wace.2018.05.002

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The climate in MASP is typically dry in winter and wet in summer (Lima and Rueda 2018). Thus, to evaluate the influence of seasonality in pollutant dilution, eight sampling campaigns were undertaken from June 2017 to February 2018.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogenic Hormones in São Paulo Waters (Brazil) and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables and Sinapis alba Phytotoxicity

Coelho

Jesus

Kohatsu

et al. 2020

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Present study evaluated the relationship between estrogenic hormones concentrations (17ethinylestradiol and 17β-estradiol) in surface waters in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (Brazil) and environmental variables. Four sampling stations were monitored ranging from a protected area to streams discharging human effluent in and around Billings Reservoir. Four sampling campaigns were carried out in each seasonal period: DRY and WET. Samples for hormone analysis (in ng L -1 ) were concentrated (1000X) using solid phase extraction C 18 cartridges and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry detection, with 100 ng L -1 limit of quantification. Water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids were determined in situ; total phosphorus and Sinapis alba bioassays were performed subsequently. Reservoir active capacity (AC) and precipitation were also obtained. Estrogenic hormones concentrations were always below limit of quantification at pristine site; at the other sampling stations, 17β-estradiol concentrations varied from below limit of quantification to 1,720 ng L -1 and 17ethinylestradiol from below limit of quantification to 1,200 ng L -1 , with the highest concentrations found in the streams discharging into the reservoir. These streams showed higher Pearson's correlation between 17-ethinylestradiol, total phosphorus, and electrical conductivity when compared with reservoir stations. Germination index and EC presented negative correlation (Pearson's r = -0.61), denoting a phytotoxicity increase with EC increment. AC influenced the dilution of pollutants and showed negative correlations with total phosphorus (Pearson's r = -0.56). These results highlight the relevance of including streams in water monitoring programs, since they are important pollutants loads into watersheds.

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Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogenic Hormones in São Paulo Waters (Brazil) and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables and Sinapis alba Phytotoxicity

Coelho

Jesus

Kohatsu

et al. 2020

Water Air Soil Pollut

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In the MASP, the observed changes in precipitation patterns may be related to several factors, probably the most important is the UHI phenomenon. A recent study, which uses a historical series of meteorological data, shows an increase in the frequency of events with moderate and extreme precipitation from the mid-1970s [32]. Also was possible to identify a decrease of days with light rains (<5 mm day −1 ) and an increase in the frequency of days with extreme temperature values (>32 • C) and that milder minimum temperatures have become less common in the last 30 years [32].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

Modeling the Effects of Explicit Urban Canopy Representation on the Development of Thunderstorms above a Tropical Mega City

et al. 2019

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The effects of an explicit three dimensional (3D) urban canopy representation on the development of convective thunderstorms were analyzed with the tropical town energy budget (tTEB) scheme integrated into the advanced regional prediction system (ARPS). The study provides a detailed description of the procedure to couple the system ARPS-tTEB and analyzed the simulation results of the 12 January 2015 sea-breeze event that developed a severe thunderstorm above the metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP), Brazil. The simulation used realistic boundary and initial conditions from the Global Forecast System (GFS) and sea surface temperature (SST) from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM). The system ARPS-tTEB runs of up to 3 km horizontal resolution were carried out with high resolution topography features and land-use types currently available for Southeastern Brazil. The simulated spatial distribution of precipitation was verified against the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH), the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and the São Paulo weather radar (SPWR) precipitation estimates by indexes scores. Time series of grid precipitation estimates (ARPS-tTEB and SPWR) and point measurements (rain gauges) were evaluated with a Bayesian statistical method. Results indicate that the urban area of the MASP modulates the precipitation spatial distribution over it. Furthermore, phase and amplitude precipitation accuracy increased with the 3D urban canyon and the urban energy budget scheme in relationship to control runs without urban environment effects.

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“…The center of the MASP is significantly warmer than its surroundings (i.e., green belt zone around MASP), having reached an increase in temperature of 3.8°C over the past 80 years. The warmer built-up area also has lower relative humidity, greater thermal variability, and more intense and concentrated rainfall (IAG/USP 2015; Lima and Rueda 2018).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological implications of twentieth century reforestation programs for the urban forests of São Paulo, Brazil: a study based on litterfall and nutrient cycling

et al. 2021

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The focus of this study was to investigate the wide use of Eucalyptus spp., an exotic plant with high allelopathic ability, in the reforestation programs of urban parks in São Paulo City, Brazil, over the last century. To understand the implications of using Eucalyptus spp. in the city’s parks, this study aimed to compare nutrient cycling and litter decomposition between a mixed composition of litter (i.e., native and exotic species) and the litter of a single species (i.e., Eucalyptus). To accomplish this, newly deciduous leaves were collected from two native and two exotic species that are commonly used in the afforestation of São Paulo as well as from Eucalyptus spp. The mixed composition of litter yielded a higher dry mass loss and return of macro- and micronutrients to the forest floor. The decomposition constant (k) values were 0.00322 and 0.00207 g g−1 day−1 for the mixed composition and Eucalyptus spp., respectively. The time required for decomposition of 50 and 95% of deciduous material was 215 and 931 days, respectively, and for the mixed litterfall 334 and 1449 days, respectively, for Eucalyptus spp. Therefore, the mixed litter exhibited greater dry mass loss and nutrient cycling in an urban forest of São Paulo City, since dry mass losses as well as speed and amount of nutrients returned to the forest floor were relatively higher compared to Eucalyptus spp. Nutrient cycling via Eucalyptus spp. litter was less efficient than mixed composition of litter, demonstrating that reforestation programs carried out in the twentieth century using only one species may have had little success. The results of this work emphasize the fact that in urban reforestation programs the City of São Paulo must consider the environmental and biogeographic characteristics of the species employed and use high levels of biodiversity, since the city lies in a megadiverse biome.

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The urban growth of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo and its impact on the climate

Cited by 45 publications

References 18 publications

Estrogenic Hormones in São Paulo Waters (Brazil) and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables and Sinapis alba Phytotoxicity

Estrogenic Hormones in São Paulo Waters (Brazil) and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables and Sinapis alba Phytotoxicity

Modeling the Effects of Explicit Urban Canopy Representation on the Development of Thunderstorms above a Tropical Mega City

Ecological implications of twentieth century reforestation programs for the urban forests of São Paulo, Brazil: a study based on litterfall and nutrient cycling

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