The Treatment of Staphyloccocus Aureus Infected Sore Nipples: A Randomized Comparative Study

Livingstone, Verity; Stringer, L. Judy

doi:10.1177/089033449901500315

Cited by 79 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…6 The study used a convenience sample of lactating women (n ϭ 26), assessed to be at risk for developing mastitis, who were then followed prospectively from the fifth day postpartum to the end of their lactation. Criteria used to identify "at-risk" mothers were based on previous research 7,8 and included one or a combination of the following: a history of mastitis in previous lactations, nipple trauma, attachment difficulties, and either an uncomfortable oversupply or engorgement at lactogenesis II. Reference samples of milk and 24-hour urine were collected from women at days 5, 14, 30, 60, and 90 postpartum, and blood at days 5 and 14, to obtain data on the normal range of a set of potential biochemical markers for mastitis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of Mastitis Symptoms as a Predictor of C-Reactive Protein in Milk and Blood During Lactation

Fetherston¹,

Wells

Hartmann

2006

Breastfeeding Medicine

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Objective: To investigate the presence of C-reactive protein (CRP) in breast milk and any relationship between changes in CRP in breast milk and blood, and the severity of systemic and breast symptoms experienced during mastitis.Methods: Mothers (n ‫؍‬ 26) were followed prospectively from day 5 postpartum to the end of their lactation. Milk from each breast, blood, 24-hour urine samples and data on breast and systemic pathologies were collected at reference intervals during the first 3 months postpartum, daily during the occurrence of any breast inflammation and at 7 days after resolution of symptoms.Results: CRP in blood was significantly increased during mastitis (p Ͻ 0.001, df:1,81; F ‫؍‬ 31) and severity of systemic symptoms was a significant predictor for changes of CRP in blood (p Ͻ 0.01; df:3,42; F ‫؍‬ 9.6). During mastitis both the symptomatic breast (p Ͻ 0.001; df:1,79; F ‫؍‬ 19) and the contralateral asymptomatic breast (p Ͻ 0.004; df:1,75; F ‫؍‬ 8.7) had a significantly higher milk CRP when compared with women with no mastitis.Conclusions: Although an increasing severity of breast and systemic symptoms in mastitis was predictive of an increasing CRP in milk and blood, respectively, the presence of CRP in similar concentrations in the mastitis and asymptomatic breast suggests it is of little use in making a differential diagnosis between infective verses noninfective forms of mastitis. 127

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of Mastitis Symptoms as a Predictor of C-Reactive Protein in Milk and Blood During Lactation

Fetherston¹,

Wells

Hartmann

2006

Breastfeeding Medicine

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“…With respect to the application of measurement instruments, seven publications used a previously developed instrument (9,15,17,19,(21)(22)25) ; however, only one of the clinical studies (9) reported its validity by means of the interobserver agreement index.…”

Section: Assessment Methods Of Nipple Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In only eight of the twenty publications (4)(5)(8)(9)(10)(11)(14)(15) , nipple trauma was defined; the concepts presented were similar in terms of disruption, lesion and injury to seven authors (5,(8)(9)(10)(11)(14)(15) . One author (4) presented a broader definition of nipple trauma, referring to the pathological change of the skin.…”

Section: Definition Of Nipple Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding elementary secondary skin lesions were cited edema, cracked skin, fissure, erosion, excoriation and ulceration (4)(5)(8)(9)13,(15)(16)(17)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) . According to researches (28)(29)(30) , edema type of injury is defined as the presence of change in skin, alteration of the consistency and color of the skin itself or pink.…”

Section: Classification Of Nipple Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injuries Resulted From Breastfeeding: A New Approach To A Known Problem

Cervellini

Gamba

Coca

et al. 2014

Rev. esc. enferm. USP

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Injuries resulted from breastfeeding: a new approach to a known problemCervellini MP, Gamba MA, Coca KP, Abrão ACFV RESUMENEste estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las grietas del pezón causadas por el amamantamiento bajo el enfoque dermatoló-gico. Se realizaron dos revisiones integradoras de la literatura, una relacionada con definiciones, clasificaciones y métodos de evaluación de las lesiones en el pezón y otra sobre los estudios de validación relacionadas a esas temáticas. En la primera se incluyeron 20 artículos y sólo un tercio de los estudios definió el trauma del pezón, más de la mitad no definió las lesiones del pezón reportadas y cada autor demostró una forma particular de evaluación de las lesiones, sin consenso. En la segunda revisión, no se encontró ningún estudio de validación y algoritmo relacionado con lesiones en el pezón causadas por la lactancia materna. Este hecho demuestra que las lesiones del pezón mencionadas en la primera revisión no pasaron por los estudios de validación, explicando las inconsistencias identificadas en relación a los métodos de evaluación, definición y clasificación de lesiones en el pezón. DESCRIPTORES Lactancia materna Pezones Heridas y traumatismos Enfermería obstétrica Revisión RESUMOEste estudo teve como objetivo analisar o trauma mamilar decorrente da prática da amamentação sob o enfoque dermatológi-co. Duas revisões integrativas da literatura foram realizadas, uma relacionada a definições, classificações e método de avaliação dos traumas mamilares e outra sobre estudos de validação relacionados a essas temáticas. Na primeira foram incluídos 20 artigos e apenas um terço conceituou o trauma mamilar, mais da metade não definiu as lesões mamilares relatadas e cada autor demonstrou uma forma particular de avaliação das lesões, sem que houvesse consenso. Na segunda, nenhum estudo de validação ou algoritmo relacionado ao trauma mamilar decorrente da amamentação foi encontrado. Este achado demonstrou que as lesões citadas na primeira revisão não passaram por estudos de validação com especialistas, o que explica as discordâncias identificadas em relação à definição, classificação e métodos de avaliação dos traumas mamilares. DESCRITORES Aleitamento materno Mamilos Ferimentos e lesões Enfermagem obstétrica Revisão ABSTRACTThis study aimed at analyzing nipple trauma resulted from breastfeeding based on dermatological approach. Two integrative reviews of literature were conducted, the first related to definitions, classification and evaluation methods of nipple trauma and another about validation studies related to this theme. In the first part were included 20 studies and only one third defined nipple trauma, more than half did not defined the nipple's injuries reported, and each author showed a particular way to assess the injuries, without consensus. In the second integrative review, no validation study or algorithm related to nipple trauma resulted from breastfeeding was found. This fact demonstrated that the nipple's injuries mentioned in the first review did not go thro...

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“…Policy makers, researchers, and professional organizations have pointed to the irrefutable benefits of breastfeeding for babies, mothers, society, and the environment (e.g., decreased health care costs, reduced acute and chronic illnesses, and mother-infant bonding). Unfortunately, as many as 96% of mothers (Graffy, 1992;Ziemer, Paone, Schupay, & Cole, 1990) experience sore, painful nipples during breastfeeding and stop nursing before they intended (Livingstone & Stringer, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%