Objective Lower extremity amputation is an increasing problem among diabetic patients and

Pressure ulcers are an important perioperatory care quality indicator This is a longitudinal case series study, performed with the following objectives: to estimate the incidence of pressure ulcers in patients submitted to medium and large surgeries; rate them according to the stage and location; verify the association with the variables: gender, age, body mass index (BMI), co-morbidities, surgical position, duration of surgery, anesthesia type and use of positioning devices, with presence or absence of pressure ulcers. Data collection took place in 2007 in São Paulo, with 199 patients, 20.6% of which presented pressure ulcers, and most (98.6%) in stages I and II, and the main location was the trunk (35.1%). The variables: position, surgery time, general anesthesia, and device use had a statistically significant association. In conclusion, there is a high incidence of pressure ulcers among surgical patients, requiring actions aimed at reducing this type of injury.

Objective: To identify factors associated with nipple trauma in women breastfeeding exclusively in a maternity unit. Methods:This was a case-control study that recruited 146 recentlydelivered mothers in rooming-in wards: 73 cases, defined as women with nipple trauma, and 73 controls, defined as women free from this pathology. Women breastfeeding exclusively were tested daily for a diagnosis of nipple injury, identified using a magnifying glass. Sociodemographic, obstetric and neonatal variables were studied. A logistic regression model was used for statistical analysis.Results: Cases and controls proved to be comparable in terms of their sociodemographic variables, although the women with nipple trauma were more likely not to be living with a partner. The following variables were found to be factors associated with nipple trauma: primiparity (OR 3.16 ResumoObjetivo: Identificar os fatores associados ao trauma mamilar em mulheres em aleitamento materno exclusivo na maternidade.Métodos: Estudo caso-controle com 146 puérperas internadas nas enfermarias de alojamento conjunto, sendo 73 casos, definidos como mulheres com trauma mamilar, e 73 controles, definidos como ausência da patologia. Diariamente buscaram-se mulheres em aleitamento materno exclusivo com diagnóstico de lesão mamilar, identificada por meio de lupa. Foram estudadas variáveis sociodemográficas, obstétricas e neonatais. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se modelo de regressão logística.Resultados: Casos e controles mostraram-se semelhantes quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas, embora a ausência do companheiro tenha sido mais frequente no grupo de mulheres com trauma mamilar. As variáveis primiparidade (OR 3,16; IC95% 1,42), ausência do companheiro (OR 3,25; IC95% 1,18-8,93), mama túrgida e/ou ingurgitada (OR 12,31; IC95% 4,78), mamilo semiprotruso e/ou malformado (OR 4,69; IC95% 1,50-14,62) e despigmentação dos mamilos (OR 13,98; IC95% 4,43-44,06) comportaram-se como fatores associados ao trauma mamilar. Conclusão:Primiparidade, ausência do companheiro, mamas túrgidas e ingurgitadas, mamilos semiprotrusos e/ou malformados e despigmentados estão associados ao trauma mamilar. J Pediatr (Rio J) IntroduçãoA lesão mamilar é uma intercorrência mamária cuja incidência varia de 11 a 96% nas mulheres que amamentam durante a primeira semana após o parto 1-4 . Observa-se ainda que 80 a 95% destas apresentam algum grau de dor mamilar e 26% apresentam dor extrema 2 , o que contribui negativamente para o tempo de amamentação 5 . Como

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Objective: To classify the level of risk for foot ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus and identify their main predictive risk factors. Method: Exploratory, descriptive study, in which patients were assessed in a municipal ambulatory of São Paulo through nursing consultation, following the guidelines of the International Consensus on the Diabetic Foot. Data were descriptively analyzed. Results: The analyzed population was composed of 50 longevous and retired people, with household income of up to two minimum wages, with dermato-neurofunctional risk factors and unfavorable clinical indicators, and 66% had Risk 1; 16% Risk 2; 6% Risk 3 and 12% Risk 4. Of this analyzed total, 96% never had their feet examined with the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament. Conclusion: The data found indicate the importance of careful feet examination in people with diabetes by the nursing staff to identify future risks of ulcers and, thus, prevent them.

Invasive group A streptococcus (GAS) infections are emerging diseases; however, person-to-person transmission of invasive GAS producing life-threatening infection has been observed rarely. We report a small intrafamilial cluster of life-threatening GAS infections. A previously healthy 47-year-old father developed necrotizing fasciitis of the neck. Two days later, his 16-year-old daughter developed streptococcal angina, pneumonia, and pleural empyema. Both patients had signs of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed that the M6 strains of GAS isolated from the father and daughter had identical patterns. Cases of person-to-person transmission of invasive GAS infection reported in the literature are also reviewed.

The aim of the study was to identify the breast feeding position and holding variables related to nipple trauma. This case-control study assessed the onset of nipple trauma among women hospitalized at a University Hospital in the city of São Paulo, in 2004 and 2005. Subjects were puerperae diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral nipple trauma. Data analysis was performed using chi-square, Student's t, and odds ratio tests (CI = 95%) and correspondence analysis. Participants were 146 puerperal women and their newborns, being 73 cases and 73 controls. Statistically significant position and holding variables for causing lesions were the following: newborns with their necks bent/contorted, chin away from the breast and lip-related defect (turned inward). Trauma prevention at the beginning of breast feeding is crucial for continuing this practice. Following adequate positioning is decisive for establishing effective and prolonged breast feeding.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze factors associated with relapse of leprosy. METHODS:Retrospective case-control study including 159 patients older than 15 diagnosed with leprosy attending reference centers for leprosy in fi ve municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso, central-western Brazil. Cases (n=53) were patients with relapsed leprosy diagnosed from 2005 to 2007 who were compared with controls (n=106) matching for gender and operational classifi cation who were considered cured after treatment in 2005. Data was obtained from the local Notifi able Diseases Database, medical records and interviews. For the analyses conditional logistic regression and hierarchical approaches were used. RESULTS:After adjustment, the following factors were associated with relapse of leprosy: living in rental housing (OR = 4.1; 95%CI: 1.43;12.04); living in houses constructed of wood and mud (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 1.16;8.76); living with dwellings with more than fi ve people (OR = 2.1; 95%CI: 1.03;4.36); alcohol use disorder (OR = 2.8; 95%CI: 1.17;6.79); irregular treatment (OR =3.8; 95%CI: 1.44;10.02); lack of knowledge about the disease/treatment (OR = 2.6; 95%CI: 1.09;6.13); use of public transportation to get to the clinic (OR = 5.5; 95%CI: 2.36;12.63); clinical form of the disease (OR = 7.1; 95%CI: 2.48;20.52), and treatment regimen (OR = 3.7; 95%CI: 1.49;9.11). CONCLUSIONS:The predictive factors of relapse are associated with housing conditions, living habits, organization of health services, clinical forms of leprosy and treatment regimen. Health services should educate patients on the disease as well as ensure consistent treatment.