The time travelling self: Comparing self and other in narratives of past and future events

Grysman, Azriel; Prabhakar, Janani; Anglin, Stephanie M.; Hudson, Judith A.

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.04.010

Cited by 67 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This is consistent with our finding that episodic memories were more detailed and sensory rich than the two imagined event categories. Second, as predicted, and in line with previous findings (e.g., Berntsen & Bohn, 2010;Grysman, et al, 2013;Kane, et al, 2012;Newby-Clark & Ross, 2003;Rasmussen & Berntsen, 2013;Sharot, Riccardi, Raio, & Phelps, 2007, Van Boven & Ashworth, 2007, future projections were conceived as highly positive and idealized, whereas episodic counterfactuals did not show such positivity bias. This finding supports our hypothesis that episodic counterfactuals and episodic future thoughts have different phenomenological characteristics, even though they are both simulations of hypothetical events.…”

supporting

confidence: 76%

“…vs. 1 day). Grysman, Prabhakar, Anglin, and Hudson (2013) examined self and other (close friend and non-close friend)…”

Section: Past and Future Mental Time Travelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, the mere fact that the future is yet to occur in contrast to the past may result in unrealistic optimism and a sense of control over future events (e.g., Heckhausen, 1997;Markus & Nurius, 1986;Taylor & Brown, 1988), and may make it difficult to imagine negative events for the future (e.g., Newby-Clark & Ross, 2003;D'Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2004). Finally, as suggested by the "temporal self-appraisal theory" (Ross & Wilson, 2002;Wilson & Ross, 2000, self-enhancement biases, as manifested by people's tendency to conceive their selves as improving over time, are stronger for the future (e.g., Rasmussen & Berntsen, 2013), and the effects of self-enhancement on positivity have been shown to be independent of the increased reference to CLSs for future events (Grysman, et al, 2013(Grysman, et al, , 2015.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Imagining the personal past: Episodic counterfactuals compared to episodic memories and episodic future projections

2016

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Publication metadata Title:Imagining the personal past: Episodic counterfactuals compared to episodic memories and episodic future projections Author(s):Özbek, M., Bohn, A., & Berntsen, D. Journal:Memory and Cognition DOI/Link:10.3758/s13421-016-0671-2 Document version:Accepted manuscript (post-print)Notice: This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Memory & Cognition.A definitive version was subsequently published in Memory & Cognition, 45, 375-389. DOI: 10.3758/s13421-016-0671-2 Imagining the personal past: Episodic counterfactuals compared to episodic memories and episodic future projectionsMüge Özbek, Annette Bohn, Dorthe Berntsen Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus UniversityCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to Müge Özbek, Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Department of Psychology and BehaviouralSciences, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 9, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark. Telephone: +4587164428 E-mail: muge@psy.au.dkNotice: This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Memory & Cognition.A definitive version was subsequently published in Memory & Cognition, 45, 375-389. DOI: 10.3758/s13421-016-0671-2 2 AbstractEpisodic counterfactuals are imagined events that could have happened, but did not happen, in a person's past. Such imagined past events are important aspects of mental life, affecting emotions, decisions, and behaviors. However, studies examining their phenomenological characteristics and content are few. Here we introduced a new method to systematically compare self-generated episodic counterfactuals to self-generated episodic memories and future projections with regard to their phenomenological characteristics (e.g., imagery, emotional valence, rehearsal) and content (e.g., reference to cultural life script), and how these were affected by temporal distance(1 month, 1 year, 5+ years). The findings showed that the three types of events differed phenomenologically. First, episodic memories were remembered more easily, with more sensory details, and from a dominantly field perspective compared to both future projections and episodic counterfactuals. Second, episodic future projections were more positive, more voluntarily rehearsed, and more central to life story and identity than both episodic memories and episodic counterfactuals. Third, episodic counterfactuals differed from both episodic memories and future projections by neither having the positivity bias of the future events nor the enhanced sensory details of the past events. Across all three event types sensory details decreased, whereas importance, reference to cultural life script, and centrality increased with increasing temporal distance. The findings show that imagined events are phenomenologically different from memories of experienced events, consistent with reality monitoring theory, and that imagined future events are d...

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supporting

confidence: 76%

“…vs. 1 day). Grysman, Prabhakar, Anglin, and Hudson (2013) examined self and other (close friend and non-close friend)…”

Section: Past and Future Mental Time Travelmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imagining the personal past: Episodic counterfactuals compared to episodic memories and episodic future projections

2016

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“…For example, cue-word methods lead to comparisons of reaction times for retrieval or of numbers of memories recalled (e.g., Davis, 1999;Robinson, 1976;Ros & Latorre, 2010). Within narrativebased analyses, researchers can ask for any event that occurred within a specified time period (e.g., Grysman, Prabhakar, Anglin, & Hudson, 2013;Kanten & Teigen, 2008), which has the advantage of imposing limited bias on the memory search process, but may elicit mundane memories rather than personally significant events. Other studies explicitly solicit a specific type of event, often a highly emotional event (a high or low point: e.g., Grysman & Hudson, 2010; or a traumatic memory: e.g., Sales, Fivush, Parker, & Bahrick, 2005) or a self-defining memory (Singer & Salovey, 1993;see, e.g., Liao, Bluck, & Cheng, 2015).…”

Section: Event Type In Memory Elicitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of gender and gender typicality on autobiographical memory across event types and age groups

et al. 2016

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Gender differences in autobiographical memory emerge in some data collection paradigms and not others. The present study included an extensive analysis of gender differences in autobiographical narratives. Data were collected from 196 participants, evenly split by gender and by age group (emerging adults, ages 18-29, and young adults, ages 30-40). Each participant reported four narratives, including an event that had occurred in the last 2 years, a high point, a low point, and a self-defining memory. Additionally, all participants completed self-report measures of masculine and feminine gender typicality. The narratives were coded along six dimensions-namely coherence, connectedness, agency, affect, factual elaboration, and interpretive elaboration. The results indicated that females expressed more affect, connection, and factual elaboration than males across all narratives, and that feminine typicality predicted increased connectedness in narratives. Masculine typicality predicted higher agency, lower connectedness, and lower affect, but only for some narratives and not others. These findings support an approach that views autobiographical reminiscing as a feminine-typed activity and that identifies gender differences as being linked to categorical gender, but also to one's feminine gender typicality, whereas the influences of masculine gender typicality were more context-dependent. We suggest that implicit gendered socialization and more explicit gender typicality each contribute to gendered autobiographies.

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“…Cognitive processes are susceptible to several biases. For example, across the lifespan, people tend to consider future events as more positive than past events [14]. Contrarilly, the activation of the ruminative mechanism-in particular, a heightened ruminative disposition-leads to elevated emotional extrapolation from current events when formulating future expectancies, even in nonclinical samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How young adults imagine their future? The role of temperamental traits

Rizzo

Liang

2017

Eur J Futures Res

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Relatively few empirical studies have addressed the psychological dimensions involved in the imagination of the future. The present study aimed to verify the hypothetical link between the temperament traits of young adults and their attitudes towards the future. Through an online panel, 246 subjects aged 20 to 30 years (M = 26.07 ± 2.36), of whom 54.5% were female, answered a protocol consisting of an identity record, a specially designed tool called the Future Thinking Questionnaire, and the Temperament and Character Inventory developed by Cloninger. The data were analysed through linear regression, Student's t test, and the Kruskall-Wallis test. Results show that specific temperament traits, such as Reward Dependence and Harm Avoidance, significantly predict the perception of Uncertainty, the sense of Helplessness, the attitude of Persistence, and Fantasy regarding external solutions. Findings suggest that the view of the future is influenced by a temperamental and hence hereditary disposition.

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The time travelling self: Comparing self and other in narratives of past and future events

Cited by 67 publications

References 38 publications

Imagining the personal past: Episodic counterfactuals compared to episodic memories and episodic future projections

Imagining the personal past: Episodic counterfactuals compared to episodic memories and episodic future projections

The influence of gender and gender typicality on autobiographical memory across event types and age groups

How young adults imagine their future? The role of temperamental traits

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