The Theory of Legal Cynicism and Sunni Insurgent Violence in Post-Invasion Iraq

Hagan, John; Kaiser, Joshua; Hanson, Anna

doi:10.1177/0003122416632212

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Legal cynicism has also been linked to the use of extralegal violence to support political and ideological goals (Hagan, Kaiser, and Hanson 2016;Rattner and Yagil 2004). Hagan et al (2016) explored the role of legal cynicism in justifying the use of violent attacks against state and U.S./ coalition forces in post-invasion Iraq.…”

Section: Moral and Legal Neutralization Of Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes

Nivette

Eisner

Ribeaud

2017

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

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Objectives: This study examines the influence of collective strain on support for violent extremism among an ethnically diverse sample of Swiss adolescents. This study explores two claims derived from general strain theory:(1) Exposure to collective strain is associated with higher support for violent extremism and (2) the effect of collective strain is conditional on perceptions of moral and legal constraints. Methods: This study uses data from two waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youth. We use ordinary least squares procedures to regress violent extremist attitudes at age 17 on strain, moral and legal constraints, and control variables measured at ages 15 to 17. Conditional effects were examined using an interaction term for collective strain and moral neutralization and legal cynicism, respectively. Results: The results show that collective strain does not have a direct effect on violent extremist attitudes

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Section: Moral and Legal Neutralization Of Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes

Nivette

Eisner

Ribeaud

2017

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

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“…If Americans had known more about the day-to-day conflict in Iraq, the spread of ideas about incapacitation from the U.S. to their militarized application in Iraq might have been more apparent [23,24]. As the occupation by U.S.-led forces advanced, the parallels increased, with nighttime raids and dragnet sweeps that represented militarized versions of American "intensive policing" and "mass incapacitation" strategies.…”

Section: Mass Incapacitation and The Coin (Counterinsurgency) Doctrinementioning

confidence: 99%

The Militarization of Mass Incapacitation and Torture during the Sunni Insurgency and American Occupation of Iraq

Hagan

Hanson

2016

Social Sciences

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While scholars and journalists have focused important attention on the recent militarization of intensive policing and imprisonment policies in the United States, there is little reciprocal recognition of how militarized versions of these policies were also exported for use in the occupation of Iraq. Intensive policing and imprisonment enabled the American-led and Shia-dominated Iraq Ministries of Defense and Interior along with U.S. forces to play significant roles in the ethnic cleansing and displacement of Arab Sunnis from Baghdad neighborhoods, and in their disproportionate detention in military-and militia-operated facilities, of which the Abu Ghraib prison is only the best known. The failure of American authorities alone and working with Iraq's government to intervene in stopping the use of police and prisons as places of torture is a violation of U.N.-invoked and U.S.-ratified treaties, and thereby subject to prosecution. Such prosecutions have imported into international law the concept of "joint criminal enterprise" anticipated by the criminologist Donald Cressey and incorporated in the American Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statutes used to convict organized criminals. We elaborate how the concept of joint criminal enterprise can be used to understand and possibly prosecute a chain of command responsibility for the use of policing and prisons as sites of torture in Iraq. We analyze the previously neglected international consequences of U.S. policing, prison, and mass incapacitation strategies with links to American criminology.Keywords: crime; violence; population; war "The message is becoming loud and clear: criminal organizations should be dealt with as organizations, not merely as collections of individual criminals, and any 'attack' on them must deal with organizational structures and the social contexts in which the structures thrive." Donald Cressey [1]

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“…This finding falls in line with a new area of scholarship focusing on the meso‐level dynamics of violence, including civil war (e.g., Cederman and Gleditsch, ) and genocide (e.g., Rafter, ; Straus, ). As criminologists have long explored subnational patterns in crime, this analysis suggests that criminology has much to bring to the subnational examination of atrocities—a promising avenue for the criminology of genocide and for genocide studies as a whole (see also Hagan, Kaiser, and Hanson, ).…”

Section: Discussion: Top‐down and Bottom‐up Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Subnational Determinants of Killing in Rwanda*

Brehm

2017

Criminology

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Nearly one million people were killed in the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Although scholars have theorized why this violence occurred, we know comparatively less about how it unfolded. Accordingly, this article assesses the determinants of subnational levels of killing in 142 Rwandan communes by relying on data from the Rwandan Ministry of Local Administration and Community Development, the National University of Rwanda, and the 1991 Rwandan census. Fixed effects analyses reveal that top‐down and bottom‐up factors coalesced to influence violence across Rwanda. The state orchestrated and implemented the violence, and more violence occurred near the extremist center of the country as well as where state actors met strong opposition. Local conditions also shaped the violence, however, and indicators of low community cohesion and social control are associated with comparatively more violence. When put together, a unique model is introduced that integrates state conflict theories and social control theories of crime to explain subnational killing during the genocide in Rwanda.

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The Theory of Legal Cynicism and Sunni Insurgent Violence in Post-Invasion Iraq

Cited by 28 publications

References 45 publications

Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes

Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes

The Militarization of Mass Incapacitation and Torture during the Sunni Insurgency and American Occupation of Iraq

Subnational Determinants of Killing in Rwanda*

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