Herpes viruses are a large family of viruses containing eight known human viruses. Amongst them, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) cause cold sores and genital infections, respectively. 1) HSV infections are one of the most common contagious diseases in humans. Previous antiviral research on HSVs has primarily focused on the development of nucleoside analogs that target the viral polymerase.2) However, these antiviral agents cannot inhibit resistant viruses and can lead to hemotoxicity.
3)Phthiobuzone (Ftibamzone, Tai Ding An, TDA, Fig. 1), a derivative of thiosemicarzones, has been used in clinical treatment of herpes and trachoma diseases in China and in Egypt. TDA represents a type of molecule that combines 3-phthalimido-2-oxo-n-butyraldehyde and bisthiosemicarbazones in one structure. TDA has a unique mechanism of antiviral action, which is different from those of the antiviral nucleotide analogues. 4) Moreover, recent research has demonstrated that phthiobuzone displays weak inhibitory activity against resistant HSV-1 strains.5) In view of this novel structural template, which differs from those of all reported anti-HSV agents, we are interested in a further study of the structure-activity relationship. In this article, we report the synthesis of a series of TDA analogues, particularly through the modification of the 4Ј,4Љ-N-substituted thiosemicarbazone group and the chain length between the phthalimide and bisthiosemicarbazone moieties.
Results and DiscussionThe synthesis of compounds 5a-o (Chart 1) began with potassium phthalimide (1). Treatment of 1 with 3-chloro-2-butanone afforded compound 2, 6) which was brominated by Br 2 in AcOH to give compound 3. We prepared target compounds 5a-o by oxidizing 3 using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to yield the a-keto aldehyde intermediate 4, followed by direct condensation with 4-substituted-3-thiosemicarbazides.7) Some thiosemicarbazides were purchased from commercial suppliers, and others were prepared from the corresponding isothiocyanate with 85% hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. It should be pointed out that compounds 5a-o were all racemates.Compounds 7a and 7b were obtained by condensation in AcOH of 6 with aminoacetic acid and 4-aminobutyric acid, respectively. 8) Using the method of Wang et al., 9) the abromoketones 8a and 8b were prepared in good yields. Oxidation and condensation of compounds 8a and 8b afforded compounds 9a-d using the above method (Chart 2). Except 5g, other TDA analogues were new compounds.This series of TDA analogues were evaluated for their anti-HSV activity in Vero cells. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds was determined in parallel in the same cell line. A series of phthiobuzone analogs, prepared from potassium phthalimide or phthalandione, have been evaluated for their antiviral activities. Among the candidates, compounds 5j and 5k, which contain the substituted 4-halogenated phenyl ring at N-4 ,4؆ ؆ position, show more potent antiviral activity than phthiobuzone against herpes simplex virus 1 (IC 50 ...