The Sweat Glands

Weiner, J. S.; Hellmann, K.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1960.tb01413.x

Cited by 90 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Apocrine and apoeccrine glands are limited to certain regions of the body (e.g. the axillae region) and do not become active until puberty [27–30]. Eccrine sweat glands are located across most of the body surface, are primarily responsible for thermoregulatory sweating [25], and therefore will be the focus of this review.…”

Section: Eccrine Sweat Glands and Thermoregulatory Sweatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability

2017

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Athletes lose water and electrolytes as a consequence of thermoregulatory sweating during exercise and it is well known that the rate and composition of sweat loss can vary considerably within and among individuals. Many scientists and practitioners conduct sweat tests to determine sweat water and electrolyte losses of athletes during practice and competition. The information gleaned from sweat testing is often used to guide personalized fluid and electrolyte replacement recommendations for athletes; however, unstandardized methodological practices and challenging field conditions can produce inconsistent/inaccurate results. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a review of the literature regarding the effect of laboratory and field sweat-testing methodological variations on sweating rate (SR) and sweat composition (primarily sodium concentration [Na+]). The simplest and most accurate method to assess whole-body SR is via changes in body mass during exercise; however, potential confounding factors to consider are non-sweat sources of mass change and trapped sweat in clothing. In addition, variability in sweat [Na+] can result from differences in the type of collection system used (whole body or localized), the timing/duration of sweat collection, skin cleaning procedure, sample storage/handling, and analytical technique. Another aim of this paper is to briefly review factors that may impact intra/interindividual variability in SR and sweat [Na+] during exercise, including exercise intensity, environmental conditions, heat acclimation, aerobic capacity, body size/composition, wearing of protective equipment, sex, maturation, aging, diet, and/or hydration status. In summary, sweat testing can be a useful tool to estimate athletes’ SR and sweat Na+ loss to help guide fluid/electrolyte replacement strategies, provided that data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately.

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Section: Eccrine Sweat Glands and Thermoregulatory Sweatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability

2017

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“…The glands which opened onto the naked part of the muzzle appeared to be eccrine glands (Weiner and Hellmann 1960), although they resembled the nasolabial glands on the bovine muzzle (Mackie and Nisbet 1959). In the one sheep examined, the ducts of these glands were arranged in small groups (Fig.…”

Section: (G) Sweat Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skin of the Sheep: a Comparision of Body Regions

Lyne¹,

Hollis²

1968

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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SummaryLight-microscope studies reveal distinctive features in the hair-and woolgrowing skin of adult sheep. The epidermis is variable in thickness-usually thin on wool-growing regions and thicker on haired regions. The follicles are mostly in groups containing one, two, or three primary (P) follicles and a number of secondary (S) follicles. The SIP follicle ratios vary from zero to about 30, depending on the breed and body region. The capillaries, myoepithelium of sweat glands, and dermal papillae of the follicles are often reactive for alkaline phosphatase. This enzyme is also asymmetrically distributed in some follicle bulbs and here it might be related in some way to the segmentation of the fibre cortex and perhaps to the formation of crimped wool. The dermal and follicle nerve networks contain cholinesterases. The latter may also contain alkaline phosphatase. Encapsulated end-organs and tactile disks are occasionally present in both hair-and wool-growing skin. Melanocytes, most common near the dermo-epidermal junction, may also be present in the outer root sheaths of the follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and dermis. Acetylcholinesterase-positive branched cells are invariably present in the epidermis in all regions where there are follicles. Sebaceous glands are associated with all follicles and apocrine sweat glands with the P follicles only. The P follicles also possess erector muscles that react for cholinesterases. Both the subaceous glands and sweat glands are usually larger in haired regions than in wool-growing regions. Large "eccrine" glands open on the naked part of the muzzle.

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“…That the scrotal sweat glands have an important role in testicular thermorégulation in the bull was indicated by the observation that, in a hot environment, cutaneous moisture evaporation per unit skin surface area from the scrotum was greater than that from the general body surface (Robertshaw & Vercoe, 1980), and by reports that scrotal sweat glands were much larger than those elsewhere on the body (Weiner & Hellman, 1960;Waites & Voglmayr, 1962;Lyne & Hollis, 1968;Amakiri, 1974). These morphological studies were not, however, substantiated by detailed quantitative measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sweat glands of the scrotum of the bull

Blazquez¹,

Mallard²,

Wedd³

1988

Reproduction

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Summary. Skin samples were taken post mortem from the scrotum, abdomen and neck of 4 mature bulls. The volume of sweat glands per unit skin surface area of the scrotum was greater than that of other body regions. Within the scrotum there was a gradient in sweat gland volume increasing from proximal through to distal parts of the scrotum. These results suggest a previously unidentified variable cooling capacity of the scrotum depending on testicular descent.

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The Sweat Glands

Cited by 90 publications

References 144 publications

Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability

Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability

The Skin of the Sheep: a Comparision of Body Regions

Sweat glands of the scrotum of the bull

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