The study of fingerprint characteristics of the emanations from human arm skin using the original sampling system by SPME-GC/MS

High throughput volatile fatty acid skin metabolite profiling by thermal desorption secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

“…Sampling techniques for skin VOC profiles include: whole sweat collection [4][5]; liquid extraction [6][7]; adsorbent materials placed in direct contact with the skin surface [2, 8,-14] or headspace approaches [6,9,[15][16]. Analysis of skin has identified many types of VOC, and the list includes: volatile fatty acids (VFAs), aldehydes, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, amides, amines, esters, halides, ketones and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) [2][3].…”

Analysis of pattern recognition and dimensionality reduction techniques for odor biometrics

“…Although some studies found some differences in the odor due to the aging, these differences may be caused by the specific diet of the studied population [16]. Finally, other environmental factors as the humidity or the temperature of the acquisition room have shown to affect considerably the composition of our body odor [63].…”

“…Nevertheless, this process needs a long time to obtain the odor profile so other works are proposing new techniques to capture the body odor in real time. In [63], the authors present a technique in which the person places the hand into a device in which air flows collecting the volatile compounds of the odor. Although this technique considerably decreases the acquisition time since it is not necessary to wait for the bacteria action, the acquisition time is about 30 min which is still high taking into account that the person must remain with his/her hand inside the device during this time.…”

“…This experiment was performed by 13 individuals (8 males and 5 females) in 28 different sessions conducted in different days to ensure the permanence of the analyzed features. Although in some works the participants of the experiment must wear special clothes [10] or perform physical activity to increase their production of sweat [9,63], in this work the participants were not asked to do any previous exercise or wear any special clothes.…”

Determination of Signature Volatile Odor Chemicals Emanating from Novel Biological Specimens by Non-invasive Analytical Techniques for the Potential use in Forensic Identifications

“…Non-axillary scent has been explored using samples from various locations on the body, such as the forearm (31,(37)(38)(39)(40), back (37), abdomen (39), whole body (41) and hand (32,38,(41)(42)(43). The compounds identified from these skin sources include acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, halides, hydrocarbons, heterocyclics, ketones, nitrogen-and sulfur-containing compounds ( Table 1).…”