The structure and stability of temperament from infancy to toddlerhood: A one-year prospective study

Casalin, Sara; Luyten, Patrick; Vliegen, Nicole; Meurs, Patrick

doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.08.004

Cited by 64 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Moreover, whilst Effortful Control is conventionally only measured as a dimension of temperament from 18 months (see section on Measuring Effortful control), there is a strong relationship between scores on this factor, and parent report of infant regulatory capacity, as indexed by the Regulatory Capacity/Orienting factor (Putnam, Rothbart, & Gartstein, 2008). For example, composite scores from the Cuddliness and Duration of Orienting scales at 8-13 months are associated with levels of Effortful Control at 20-25 months of age (Casalin, Luyten, Vliegen,& Meurs, 2012).…”

Section: Early Individual Differences In Reactivity and Self-regulatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, it is argued that highly reactive infants who become extremely distressed in response to stimulation become so disrupted they are unable to develop the internal mechanisms necessary for selfregulation (Fox & Calkins, 1993); so much so that children's negative reactivity has been identified as a risk factor for poor-regulation (Allhusen et al, 2004;Raikes, Robinson, Bradley, Raikes, & Ayoub, 2007;Rothbart & Bates, 1998). Inversely, positive affectivity may be a protective factor; infant scores on the High-Intensity Pleasure, Smiling and Laughter and Positive Anticipation scales of the IBQ have all been shown to predict toddler and/or preschool Effortful Control scores (Casalin et al, 2012;Komsi et al, 2006;Putnam et al, 2008).…”

Section: Early Individual Differences In Reactivity and Self-regulatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…parent. Thus self-regulation is both a response to, and influenced by, parenting approach (Casalin et al, 2012).…”

Section: Moderating and Mediating Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictors and patterns

Hendry

Jones

Charman

2016

Developmental Review

191

177

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Executive function (EF) underpins the ability to set goals and work towards those goals by co-ordinating thought and action. Its emergence during the first 3 years of life is understudied, largely due to the limitations that early social, motor and language skills place on performance on traditional EF tasks. Nevertheless, across the fields of cognitive psychology, neuroscience, social development and temperament research, evidence is amassing of meaningful precursors and predictors of EF. This review draws together the evidence, highlighting methodological considerations and areas of theoretical debate, and identifies 4 domains critical to the development of EF: control of attention, self-regulation, processing speed and cognitive flexibility. Individual differences within these domains have clinical significance both in terms of the identification of risk markers for later executive dysfunction and for the target or delivery of early intervention to ameliorate this risk. By the end of the third year, typically-developing infants are able to selectively employ impulse control and cognitive flexibility to achieve goal-directed responses to novel situations. KeywordsExecutive function, cognitive development, infancy, regulation, attention, effortful control EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN THE FIRST 3 YEARS OF LIFE 3 What is Executive Function and Why is it Important?Executive function (EF) can be described as the cognitive toolkit of success. It underpins the ability to set goals and work towards those goals by co-ordinating thought and action, particularly in new situations. The precise nature of the 'tools' in the 'kit' is a matter of considerable debate, but they are largely considered to be higher-order self-regulatory processes, including the control of attention and motor responses, resistance to interference, and delay of gratification (Carlson, Mandell & Williams, 2004;Diamond, 2013;Jurado & Rosselli, 2007), or, as Barkley puts it "those self-directed actions needed to choose goals and to create, enact, and sustain actions toward those goals" (Barkley, 2012, p. 60).From its emergence in very early childhood through to its decline in late adulthood, EF supports and constrains an individual's ability to learn and thrive across their lifespan (Diamond, 2013). Not only does early EF have strong links to children's later social and academic functioning (Blair & Peters Razza, 2007; Eisenberg et al., 2009) but difficulties with some EFs are implicated in a range of disorders including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Barkley, 1997;Ozonoff, Pennington & Rogers, 1991;Rommelse, Geurts, Franke, Buitelaar & Hartman, 2011). However, currently executive dysfunction is primarily detected during a child's school years. By developing our understanding of the developmental pathway(s) involved in EF we may be able to monitor and intervene in cases where emergent EF is delayed or disrupted, whilst the brain is most responsive to treatment (Johnson, 2012;Wass, 2015). Goals and ...

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Section: Early Individual Differences In Reactivity and Self-regulatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Early Individual Differences In Reactivity and Self-regulatimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictors and patterns

Hendry

Jones

Charman

2016

Developmental Review

191

177

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several studies have provided evidence for stability of child temperament over time using parent reports (e.g., Bould, Joinson, Sterne, & Araya, 2013;Casalin, Luyten, Vliegen, & Meurs, 2012;Guerin & Gottfried, 1994) and observational methods (e.g., Dyson, Olino, Durbin, Goldsmith, Bufferd, Miller et al, 2015). However, there has not yet been a study that examined the structural stability of child temperament over time using measurement invariance testing in the context of exploratory structural equation modeling.…”

Section: Strengths and Weaknesses Of The Three Studies And Future Dirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature and Structure of Temperament in Early and Middle Childhood: A Multi-Method Approach

Kotelnikova¹,

Olino²,

Klein³

et al. 2016

Personality and Individual Differences

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Structural work on the nature of child temperament has lagged far behind parallel research with adults. Further, the structure of extant parent-report questionnaires has been examined only at the higher-order level, using small samples of children. This dissertation addresses this important gap in three studies, examining the lower-and higher-order structure of two widely used parent-reports of child temperament (Studies 1 and 2) and an observational battery of temperament (Study 3). The first study examined the lower-and higher-order structure Fewer than half of the lower-order structures resembled original CBQ and TMCQ scales.Higher-order EFAs indicated that a four-factor structure consisting of Sensation Seeking, Disinhibition/Anger, Low Negative Affect (NA)/Soothability, and Smiling/Approach was the best fit for preschoolers, and that a three-factor structure consisting of Impulsivity/Anger, NA, and Social Dominance best fit the TMCQ data. The higher-order models obtained were only modestly similar to the models proposed by their developers. In the third study, we extended the scarce extant literature on the structure of observed temperament. Using exploratory structural equation modeling, we derived a four-factor model (Positive Affect/Activity, Impulsivity/Anger, Surgency, and Dysphoria) of preschool-aged temperament. These factors showed meaningful concurrent associations with children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms, providing further support for the use of observational measures. Findings from these studies contribute to the development of a unified taxonomy of child temperament/personality.

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“…Contemporary research generally characterizes temperament as stylistic and relatively stable traits that subsume intrinsic (i.e., biological) tendencies to act and react in somewhat predictable ways to people and events (Casalin, Luyten, Vliegens, & Meurs, 2012;Rothbart & Hwang, 2002;Worobey, 2001). Although the terms temperament and personality at times are used synonymously, differences exist in their origins, emergence, and robustness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factor structure of the inventory of adult temperament styles

Wechsler¹,

Benson²,

Oakland³

et al. 2014

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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Temperament refers to stylistic and relatively stable traits that subsume intrinsic tendencies to act and react in somewhat predictable ways to people, events, and stimuli. Temperament can be defi ned by four bipolar styles: extroversion-introversion, practical-imaginative, thinking-feeling, and organizedfl exible. These four styles provide the theoretical structure for the group administered Inventory of Adult Temperament Styles (IATS).Validity evidences are reported on 853 middle class adults (43% female), ages 15 through 54 (M = 26.5, SD = 8.6), who were studying at universities or working in Sao Paulo state (Brazil). The degree items are consistent with the four temperament styles was examined through item response theory and confi rmatory factor analysis. Results confi rm the proposed theoretical structure. Invariance testing suggests that scores refl ecting temperament styles have similar meanings for men and women. Implications as well as future directions for research are discussed. Keywords: Assessment, type, styles, temperament, personality. ResumoO temperamento compreende estilos e traços relativamente estáveis que representam tendências para agir e reagir de formas previsíveis frente aos acontecimentos, pessoas ou estímulos. O temperamento pode ser defi nido por quatro estilos bipolares: extroversão-introversão, prático-imaginativo, pensamento-sentimento, organizado-fl exível. Estes quatro estilos compuseram a estrutura teórica do Inventory of Adult Temperament Styles (IATS). As evidências de validade do IATS foram investigadas em uma amostra de 853 adultos (43% mulheres), idades entre DP=8,6), estudando ou trabalhando no estado de São Paulo. A adequação dos itens em relação aos quatro estilos de temperamento foi examinada através da teoria de resposta ao item e da análise fatorial confi rmatória. Os resultados confi rmaram a estrutura teórica proposta. O teste da invariância indicou que os estilos de temperamento observados possuem signifi cados semelhantes para homens e mulheres. Implicações e sugestões para futuras pesquisas são discutidas.

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The structure and stability of temperament from infancy to toddlerhood: A one-year prospective study

Cited by 64 publications

References 47 publications

Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictors and patterns

Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictors and patterns

Nature and Structure of Temperament in Early and Middle Childhood: A Multi-Method Approach

Factor structure of the inventory of adult temperament styles

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