The specific hunger for sodium chloride in normal and adrenalectomized white rats.

Baré, Jonathan

doi:10.1037/h0057987

Cited by 168 publications

(76 citation statements)

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“…In the normal rat, the sodium concentration of whole saliva (collected in animals anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and injected with pilocarpine) is 0.04 M (Hiji, 1969), but the two-bottle preference for sodium chloride starts at 0.01 M (Richter, 1939;Bare, 1949;Pfaffmann, 1957). This sodium concentration in stimulated saliva is probably somewhat above resting levels because the percentage of sodium ions in saliva is influenced by flow rate (Schneyer et al, 1972).…”

Section: Salivary Sodium Levels and Sodium Chloride Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium deprivation alters neural responses to gustatory stimuli.

Contreras¹,

Frank²

1979

The Journal of General Physiology

199

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A B S T R A C T The effects of sodium deprivation for 10 d, a period sufficient to induce sodium appetite, on gustatory nerve discharges in rats were determined. Chorda tympani responses to concentration series of sodium chloride, sucrose, hydrochloric acid, and quinine hydrochloride were recorded and analyzed without the experimenter knowing the animal's deprivation condition. After deprivation, both whole nerve and single nerve fiber responses to sodium chloride were smaller; NaCl-best fibers, those more responsive to sodium chloride than to sucrose, hydrochloric acid, or quinine, were most affected. Thresholds had not changed; however, slopes of the stimulus-response functions for sodium chloride were lowered. Comparable changes in responses to the other stimuli did not occur. These results were discussed with respect to a possible relationship between changes in sodium chloride responsivity and changes in sodium intake, differences between methods of inducing sodium appetite, coding of taste quality and intensity, and mechanisms which might effect the responsivity change.

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Section: Salivary Sodium Levels and Sodium Chloride Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium deprivation alters neural responses to gustatory stimuli.

Contreras¹,

Frank²

1979

The Journal of General Physiology

199

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“…apart. To control for position effect and possible preference for a particular drinking tube, the method of Bare (1949) was used-each solution was presented in each position in each bottle.…”

Section: Florida State Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Preoperative saccharine experience and postoperative fluid preference in adrenalectomized rats

Grimsley

Fisher

1967

Psychon Sci

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The loss of sodium via the urine in adrenalectomized rats is associated with increased salt appetite which is usually sufficient to keep the animal free from the symptoms of salt deficiency. Richter (1947) concluded that when a particular dietary item is missing. the rat promptly demonstrates a "specific hunger" for that substance. Others have argued that compensatory appetitive choices do not necessarily occur immediately following the development of a nutritional need (Scott & Verney. 1947). Harriman (1955) reinforced these conclusions by showing that rats given the opportunity to establish a strong preoperative preference for sugar over salt maintained the sugar preference subsequent to adrenalectomy and failed to manifest the usual increase in salt consumption. Even in the presence of an NaCI solution. several adrenalectomized rats died and survivors displayed marked weight losses. Since these results contradict most of the popular thinking about salt seeking in the adrenalectomized rat and. indeed. question the validity of the specific hunger hypothesis. further investigation seemed warranted.The purpose of the present study was to test the prediction that animals given the opportunity to establish a preference for a nonnutrient sweet solution. such as saccharine. would maintain this preference subsequent to adrenalectomy. Saccharine was cbosen so that hypoglycemia (one of the effects of adrenalectomy) would not be reflected in the choice of solution. SUIII.cts II" AIIIII'ltllThe 24 male albino rats of the Dublin strain (Dublin. Va.) were 120 days old at the start of experimentation.All Sa were maintained ad lib on a Na deficient diet (Hartroft formula. General Biochemicals) which contained 4.3 mg of Na per 100 g. The standard food cup at the rear of each cage was filled daily.The experimental animals received saccharine and salt solutions preoperatively while the controls received only distilled water. Concentrations of 0.9% NaCI and 0.1% calcium saccharine were mixed on a

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“…One of the most common findings in studies of laboratory rats is that they show a preference for low concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) relative to water up to isotonic concentrations, but reject higher concentrations (e.g., Bare, 1949). This aversion part of the curve is commonly explained by the postingestive osmotic effects of hypertonic saline (Mook, 1963).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second common finding from studies of laboratory rats is that sodium-deficient rats show increased intake of more concentrated NaCl solutions than do nondeficient rats (Bare, 1949;Richter, 1939). A variety of techniques have been employed to make rats sodium deficient: subcutaneous injections of Formalin (Stricker, 1966; …”

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confidence: 99%

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Sodium preferences and responses to sodium deficiency in rhesus monkeys

McMurray

Snowdon

1977

Psychobiology

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Rhesus monkeys were offered sodium chloride (NaCI) in various concentrations before and during the imposition of a dietary sodium deficiency. No evidence of a preference-aversion curve for NaCI appeared, providing support for the "dilute-water" hypothesis explaining sodium preference-aversion curves in rats. (Rhesus monkeys have separate sensory channels for water and salt, while rats have a combined water-salt sensory channel.) Although urinary and serum sodium levels were reduced during the period of sodium deficiency, there was no increase in the voluntary ingestion of NaCI during deficiency. However, three separate behavioral and physiological adaptations to sodium deficiency appeared among the monkeys.

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The specific hunger for sodium chloride in normal and adrenalectomized white rats.

Cited by 168 publications

References 11 publications

Sodium deprivation alters neural responses to gustatory stimuli.

Sodium deprivation alters neural responses to gustatory stimuli.

Preoperative saccharine experience and postoperative fluid preference in adrenalectomized rats

Sodium preferences and responses to sodium deficiency in rhesus monkeys

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