am concerned that the use of undergraduates may eventually put graduate students and perhaps even professors out of work. I also wonder whether it is good to try to improve teaching in giant lecture courses or whether we might be better off just using our energy to fight against teaching under these conditions. But for now I have decided that the disadvantages and dangers of teaching an introductory psychology course as outlined above are outweighed by the opportunities made available for providing information about psychology, access to important ideas about the world, skills, self-understanding, training in critical thinking, and enjoyment to large numbers of students. I hope that we can increase the attention given to discussions about what constitutes good teaching and the number of attempts made to share ideas about methods that have been used to improve the teaching of psychology.This is a comprehensive report of procedures, problems and values in a broadly based program from a department with 10 years' experience.The faculty-supervised, off-campus learning experience, known by a variety oi names including internship, clinical, and practicum, is not a new teaching methodology It has been afamrliar part of Bachelor's level programs in education, engineering, and nursing for decades It is also a wellestablished component of graduate-level psychology programs But the rnclusron of practrcum as part of undergraduate coursework In psychology IS relatively recent In most institutions For example, In 1969 undergraduate practlcum was one of the least frequently offered psychology courses, but by 1975, forty-flve percent of four year colleges taught undergraduate practicum (Lux & Daniel, 1978) A more recent report (Mlnk, 1979) indicated over 70% of colleges and unrversrties surveyed provided undergraduate internshrps in psychology Tradit~onally, most undergraduate coursework has been theory-oriented rather than skrll-oriented, and has been a preparation for graduate tra~nrng or part of a general lrberal arts curriculum lather than a preparation for a post-BA job In psychology. With the increase In the use of para-professronals In agencies such as commun~ty mental health centers, there are new opportunities for the BA psychology graduate A survey of F'ryrear (1 979) of sunbelt clties showed that 38% of communrty soclal agencres employed people wlth BA degrees hhost of these agencies required experience prior to entry into the job. Psychology practica provide just that type of experience.

Biofeedback involving hand warming has become a frequently used procedure in health and stress management programs. The present research examined the effects of smoking on the ability to learn temperature control during biofeedback training. Three groups of female college students were compared: groups of smokers who smoked prior to the biofeedback session were compared to smokers who did not smoke and to nonsmokers. The results showed that the greatest increase in skin temperature was for nonsmokers, followed by smokers who did not smoke for at least 1 hr before the biofeedback session. The group of smokers who smoked just prior to the biofeedback were not able to increase their skin temperature. The basal skin temperature measured before treatment was higher for smokers than nonsmokers. The results are discussed in terms of the paradoxical physiological arousing effects and the self-reported tranquilizing effects of smoking.

No abstract

An experiment involving several changes in the salt content of food and solutions investigated the generality of salt-seeking behavior in adrenalectomized rats. Salt-solution intake varied as a function of NaCI concentration. The intake of sodium is relatively unaffected by the concentration of NaCI in the food as long as NaCI in solution is available. But when the salt solution is removed, salt seekingand sodium regulation takes placeby way of salt in the food.It has been demonstrated repeatedly that rats depleted of sodium through adrenalectomy, sodium deficient diets, or by other artificial means, show a strong preference for the needed substance. Rats in a free-choice situation prefer sodium chloride solution of various concentrations to tap water. The response of salt seeking following adrenalectomy is a highly reliable one, and will persist in spite of irradiation (Cullen, 1969), established sugar (Grimsley, 1970) or saccharine (Grimsley & Fisher, 1967) preference, and preoperative aversion to similar substances (Frumkin, 1971).Studies on salt seeking in rats when the salt was in food, not solution, have further explored the generality of this consummatory behavior. Fregly, Harper, and Radford (1965) studied the NaCI intake of salt-deprived rats when given a choice between distilled water and a solution while the salt content of the food was varied. The intake of NaCI by drinking (solution) was not affected by dietary salt levels, even when the concentration of salt in the food reached 6070. Those results support the idea that NaCI regulation in rats occurs via salt in solution only and not by NaCI levels in food. More recently, Grimsley (1973) showed that the adrenalectomized (AD X) rat will seek out and consume NaCI in sufficient quantities to maintain internal sodium levels when the only salt available is in the food . Under diets which differed in salt content, the ADX rats selected salty over plain food, maintained their body weights, and showed no adverse symptoms.The present study was designed to further elaborate the phenomenon of salt seeking to determine whether ADX rats, when given NaCI in both food and solution, prefer to regulate consumption exclusively by one form or by a combination of the two. METHOD SubjectsThe IS male Sprague-Dawley rats (Flow Laboratories, Dublin, Virginia) used in this experiment averaged 83 g at the start of the experiment. ApparatusAll rats were fed ground Purina Lab Chow presented in two glass food cups which were attached alternately with two graduated glass 100-ml drinking tubes to the front of each cage. One cup contained plain food and the other salty food : 3 g of NaCI added per 100 g of food, thoroughly mixed. One drinking tube contained tap water, while the other contained salt water : either 3070 NaCI (3 g of NaCI per 100 mI of solution) or 6070 NaCl , similarly mixed. Position of the NaCI and plain food solut ions were alternated daily to control for position preferences. ProcedureFor 10 preoperative days, all rats were given ad-lib access to both salty ...

This study is the first in a series which was conducted under the name STRANGER III, and which was to examine trainee's long-term memory of motor skills. This phase examined the effects of varying fidelity of training devices on acquisition, retention, and reinstatement of ability to perform a 92-step procedural task. Three versions of the Section Control Indicator Cc. nsole of the Nike-Hercules guided missile system were utilized. One version was a physical duplicate, fully powered and operational; a second had no power; and a third was a 'full sized color illustration of the powered version. Sixty U.S. Army trainees were randomly assigned to one of five training conditions, 12 to a group. Each subject was tested immediately after training. 4 weeks later, and 6 weeks later, and each was retrained to a criterion level. There was no difference in training time to learn the procedural task, initial performance level, amount remembered after 4 and 6 weeks, or retraining time between individuals trained on high fidelity devices and those trained on low fidelity devices. (al) ri