Salt seeking by means of food and fluid selection in adrenalectomized rats

Grimsley, Douglas L.; Starnes, Elizabeth C.

doi:10.3758/bf03326644

Cited by 12 publications

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References 8 publications

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“…These studies support and extend previous work showing that adrenalectomy (Grimsley & Starnes, 1979) or maintenance on a sodium-deficient diet (Rodgers, 1967) can produce preferences for salted food. It has been suggested that in evolutionary history, sodium deficiency placed selection pressure on the development of many vertebrate species (Denton, 1982, p. 12).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Although there is less evidence, it appears that similar results can be obtained when food is the source of salt. For example, after adrenalectomy, rats prefer food containing added salt to food with no added salt (Grimsley & Starnes, 1979). Also, extended maintenance on a sodium-deficient diet can produce a mild, transient preference for salted food (Rodgers, 1967).…”

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Sodium depletion increases rats' preferences for salted food.

Bertino¹,

Tordoff²

1988

Behavioral Neuroscience

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In contrast to humans, sodium-replete rats prefer dilute saline to water and do not prefer salted food to plain food. Sodium depletion is known to enhance the intake of and preference for salt provided in water. Here, we examined whether the context of the delivery vehicle for salt could influence salt intake and preference. This was done by studying the effects of sodium depletion on rats' preferences for salted food and salt water. In Experiment 1, rats were depleted of sodium by combined use of a sodium-deficient diet and administration of the natriuretic drug, furosemide (5 mg sc). They were then given a choice between either salted sodium-deficient diet (1% NaCl) and unsalted sodium-deficient diet or salt water (0.3 M NaCl) and water. The rats consumed more salted than unsalted sodium-deficient diet and more 0.3 M NaCl than water. However, the amount of salt ingested in food was substantially less than the amount in water. In Experiments 2 and 3 we examined preferences for various concentrations of salt (0.06%-8.0% NaCl) in food during sodium depletion. The duration of the salted food preference was inversely related to the quantity of salt consumed and the concentration of salt in the food. Data from Experiments 4 and 5 indicated that it was unlikely the changes in salted food preference were the result of taste aversions produced by furosemide administration. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that, as the case for fluids, a preference for salted food can be produced by sodium depletion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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confidence: 99%

Sodium depletion increases rats' preferences for salted food.

Bertino¹,

Tordoff²

1988

Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…Grimsley (1973) showed that adrenalectomized (ADX) rats would consume enough of a salt-enriched food to maintain body weight and to prevent the symptoms characterisitic of adrenal insufficiency. But given a choice between salt in food and in solution, the ADX animals showed a marked preference to regulate salt balance by drinking (Grimsley & Starnes, 1979).Ordinarily, rats without a salt deficiency will not prefer a salty food over a plain food. This has been shown with lab chow (Grimsley, 1973), and with a variety of other foods, including potato chips, peanuts, and soup (Beauchamp & Bertino, 1985).…”

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Effect of preoperative exposure to salty food on food selection in adrenalectomized rats

Grimsley

1989

Psychobiology

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Rats that have been adrenalectomized will seek NaCI in food or in a solution, but they show a marked preference to regulate salt balance by drinking rather than eating. The hypothesis that rats do not regulate NaCI by eating because of limited exposure to diets rich in NaCI was tested in the present experiment. Twenty weanling rats were divided into two major groups:(1) experienced animals who were fed lab chow with extra NaCI added for 40 preoperative days, and (2) inexperienced animals that ate plain lab chow preoperatively. Half of each of these groups were adrenalectomized and half were sham operated. All animals had access to both plain and NaCl-enriched food postoperatively. The results showed that the adrenalectomized rats consumed considerably more NaCl-enriched food than did the sham animals, but that preoperative salt experience had no significant effect on intake. Sodium-deficient rats will seek out NaCI in food and regulate their salt need; this behavior occurs with or without preoperative experience with NaClenriched foods.It is weIl established that rats will increase their intake of salt following bilateral adrenalectomy. The salt preference will emerge in spite of conditioning apreoperative aversion to such substances (Frurnkin, 1971), associating salt consumption with irradiation (CulIen, 1969), or establishing preferences for highly palatable solutions (Grimsley, 1970;Grimsley & Cullen, 1968; Grimsley & Fisher, 1967).It is not clear, however, that rats are motivated to seek salt in food and in solution equally. Fregly, Harper, and Radford (1965) varied the salt content of food while offering distilled water and a salt solution to salt-deprived rats. Changes in salt levels in the food failed to influence intake, even when the salt concentration in the food reached 6 %. Grimsley (1973) showed that adrenalectomized (ADX) rats would consume enough of a salt-enriched food to maintain body weight and to prevent the symptoms characterisitic of adrenal insufficiency. But given a choice between salt in food and in solution, the ADX animals showed a marked preference to regulate salt balance by drinking (Grimsley & Starnes, 1979).Ordinarily, rats without a salt deficiency will not prefer a salty food over a plain food. This has been shown with lab chow (Grimsley, 1973), and with a variety of other foods, including potato chips, peanuts, and soup (Beauchamp & Bertino, 1985). The preference for plain food over the same food salted can be reversed by a number of treatments, including feeding the rats a sodiumdeficient diet (Rogers, 1967) furosemide (Bertino & Tordoff, 1988), and adrenalectomy (Grimsley, 1973). Beauchamp and Bertino (1985) and others have suggested that rats do not regulate salt by eating, because they have limited exposure or a lack of exposure to diets rich in salt. Human beings, on the other hand, receive extensive exposure to highly salty foods from an early age, and perhaps this partly explains the preference for salt regulation by means of eating food in human beings, as opposed to ...

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Effects of experience with salty food on salt selection in adrenalectomized rats

Grimsley

1994

Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science

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Sodium-deficient rats will seek out NaCl in food or solution and regulate their salt need. The question of this study is the extent to which salt-seeking behavior can be modified by long-term exposure to a high NaCl diet. Four female rats were divided into two groups: (1) animals that were fed lab chow with extra NaCl added during breeding, gestation, and until the offspring were weaned, the Experienced group, and (2) animals that ate only plain lab chow until weaning, the Inexperienced group. Food preference was measured in the offspring at age 28-29 and 41-42 days and them about half of each group were adrenalectomized and half sham operated. All animals had access to both plain and NaCl-enriched food and saline for 10 days postoperatively. The saline solution was removed and intake measured for an additional 8 days. Early experience with the high NaCl diet resulted in greater consumption of the NaCl-enriched food preoperatively and altered the pattern of intake following the removal of the saline solution postoperatively. The results indicate that early exposure to a high salt diet can influence the rats' later salt-seeking behavior.

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Salt seeking by means of food and fluid selection in adrenalectomized rats

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Sodium depletion increases rats' preferences for salted food.

Sodium depletion increases rats' preferences for salted food.

Effect of preoperative exposure to salty food on food selection in adrenalectomized rats

Effects of experience with salty food on salt selection in adrenalectomized rats

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