The Side Effects and Adverse Clinical Cases Reported after COVID-19 Immunization

Abstract

COVID-19 remains a deadly disease that poses a serious threat to humanity. COVID-19 vaccines protect the public and limit viral spread. However, public acceptance is significantly dependent on the efficacy and side effects (SEs) of the vaccinations being produced. Four important mechanisms have been examined for COVID-19 vaccines: DNA-based, mRNA-based, protein-based, and inactivated viruses. Vaccination safety research was formerly limited to manufacturer-sponsored studies, but numerous additional cross-sectional survey-based studies conducted globally have contributed to the generation of vaccine-related safety data reports. Twenty-seven studies and twenty-four case reports published-up till 2021 were overviewed for the presentation of SEs and their severity. Injection site pain remained the most dominant localized SE, while headache and fatigue were the most prevalent systemic SEs. Most studies reported that all vaccinations were safe, with very little or no adverse effects, but the nature of SEs was reported to be more persistent in DNA- and mRNA-based vaccines, while inactivated viral vaccines were associated with longer-duration SEs. Overall, SEs were found to be more dominant in women and youngsters. Case reports of adverse reactions have also been documented, but there is still a need to find out their pathological linkage with the COVID-19 vaccination.

A comprehensive review of oral microenvironment changes and orofacial adverse reactions after COVID‐19 vaccination: The good, the bad, and the ugly

“…66 Furthermore, there is growing evidence that anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are related to orofacial side effects. 67 It is noteworthy to mention that there are discrepancies in the descriptions of vaccine-related orofacial adverse events between the countries. There is a possibility that oral adverse reactions have been probably underreported by healthcare workers.…”

“…However, some studies suggest the potential of direct SARS‐CoV‐2 invasion of oral keratinocytes, fibroblasts, tongue, and salivary gland epithelial cells as the etiopathogenic mechanism underlying SARS‐CoV‐2 oral adverse effects 66 . Furthermore, there is growing evidence that anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines are related to orofacial side effects 67 . It is noteworthy to mention that there are discrepancies in the descriptions of vaccine‐related orofacial adverse events between the countries.…”