The severe winter of 1697/98

Kington, John

doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1999.tb06422.x

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, these two years are also ones of historically recorded severity in Europe, and Kington (1997), based on the reconstructions of Wanner et al (1994), showed that December 1696 experienced pronounced anomalous northerly flow, and January and February 1697 experienced anomalous easterly flow, which would give negative extremes in the Paris -London index. Kington noted that the winters of 1696 -1697 and 1697 -1698 were severe (Kington, 1997(Kington, , 1999. The summer of 1698 was also cold, one of the fifteen coldest summers in central England since 1659 (Lamb, 1995), having a mean temperature of 14.0°C, 1.4°C below the 1961 -1990 mean.…”

Section: Monthlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumental pressure observations and atmospheric circulation from the 17th and 18th centuries: London and Paris

Slonosky

Jones

Davies

2001

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Daily pressure observations recorded by William Derham (1657Derham ( -1735 at Upminster, Essex (near London), from 1697 to 1706 and 1708 have been corrected, converted to modern units and the Gregorian calendar, and adjusted for homogeneity. These pressure readings have been compared with previously published contemporary observations from Paris, and the two sets of early instrumental data used to calculate a daily series of the pressure difference between Paris and London. Frequency analysis of the daily series reveals that reversals of the south-north pressure gradient and easterly winds were more common from 1697 to 1708 than during the 1990s. Monthly mean values of Paris-London pressure differences have been compared with previously published monthly mean reconstructed surface pressure maps and to a reconstructed North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. There is a good agreement between the strength and direction of monthly mean flow between London and Paris estimated from the circulation maps and the sign and magnitude of the Paris-London westerly flow index, but the correlation between the Paris-London index, known to be a good proxy for European zonal circulation, and the reconstructed NAO index, is low (0.2). Correlations between the monthly mean Paris-London zonal circulation index and central England temperatures suggest a strong relationship during winter and late summer from 1697 to 1708. The meticulous daily instrumental observations and the monthly and seasonal climate descriptions of Derham, his collection of instrumental observations and climatic descriptions from contemporary observers throughout Europe, and his early theories on the causes of climate change make his publications a valuable source of information for studies on climate during the early instrumental period. It is hoped that more of Derham's papers related to weather and climate may eventually come to light.

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Section: Monthlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumental pressure observations and atmospheric circulation from the 17th and 18th centuries: London and Paris

Slonosky

Jones

Davies

2001

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…Five years later it spread to Central Europe and finally reached Eastern Europe around 1684. The climax of the LIA was reached in the 1690s, with extremely dry winters having recurrent long lasting and strong advection of continental air from the northeast towards western Russia and Europe (Borisenkov, 1994;Brázdil et al, 1994;Pfister, 1994Pfister, , 1999Kington, 1995Kington, , 1997Kington, , 1999Wanner et al, 1995;Luterbacher and Pfister, 1999;Luterbacher et al, 2000). The Late Maunder Minimum (1675-1715)-a key period for studying decadal scale climate change in Europe).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The summers, generally, were much wetter and cooler in Western, Central and Eastern Europe (Wanner et al, 1995;Pfister, 1999;Luterbacher et al, 2000). According to Kington (1999), warming began in 1699, first over the British Isles, then reaching western Central Europe in 1704 and finally eastern Central Europe at the end of the LMM (Pfister, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monthly mean pressure reconstruction for the Late Maunder Minimum Period (AD 1675-1715)

et al. 2000

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The Late Maunder Minimum (LMM; 1675-1715) delineates a period with marked climate variability within the Little Ice Age in Europe. Gridded monthly mean surface pressure fields were reconstructed for this period for the eastern North Atlantic-European region (25°W-30°E and 35-70°N). These were based on continuous information drawn from proxy and instrumental data taken from several European data sites. The data include indexed temperature and rainfall values, sea ice conditions from northern Iceland and the Western Baltic. In addition, limited instrumental data, such as air temperature from central England (CET) and Paris, reduced mean sea level pressure (SLP) at Paris, and monthly mean wind direction in the Øresund (Denmark) are used. The reconstructions are based on a canonical correlation analysis (CCA), with the standardized station data as predictors and the SLP pressure fields as predictand. The CCA-based model was performed using data from the twentieth century. The period 1901-1960 was used to calibrate the statistical model, and the remaining 30 years (1961-1990) for the validation of the reconstructed monthly pressure fields. Assuming stationarity of the statistical relationships, the calibrated CCA model was then used to predict the monthly LMM SLP fields. The verification results illustrated that the regression equations developed for the majority of grid points contain good predictive skill. Nevertheless, there are seasonal and geographical limitations for which valid spatial SLP patterns can be reconstructed. Backward elimination techniques indicated that Paris station air pressure and temperature, CET, and the wind direction in the Øresund are the most important predictors, together sharing more than 65% of the total variance. The reconstructions are compared with additional data and subjectively reconstructed monthly pressure charts for the years 1675-1704. It is shown that there are differences between the two approaches. However, for extreme years the reconstructions are in good agreement.

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“…The decade of the 1690s is known to have been unusually cold with associated widespread crop failures, food shortages and mortality crises in many areas of Europe (Ladurie 1971, Appleby 1979, 1980, Bellettini 1987, Pfister 1988, Glaser 1993, Lamb 1995, Kington 1999, Slavin 2016, Huhtamaa and Helama 2016, Huhtamaa and Helama 2017, Alfani, Mocarelli and Stangio 2018, Camenisch and Rohr 2018, DeGroot 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity in crisis: The volcanic cold pulse of the 1690s and the consequences of Scotland's failure to cope

D’Arrigo

Klinger

Newfield

et al. 2020

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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The severe winter of 1697/98

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Instrumental pressure observations and atmospheric circulation from the 17th and 18th centuries: London and Paris

Instrumental pressure observations and atmospheric circulation from the 17th and 18th centuries: London and Paris

Monthly mean pressure reconstruction for the Late Maunder Minimum Period (AD 1675-1715)

Complexity in crisis: The volcanic cold pulse of the 1690s and the consequences of Scotland's failure to cope

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