The Salmon Disease Crisis in Chile

Asche, Frank; Hansen, Håvard; Tveterås, Ragnar

doi:10.1086/mre.24.4.42629664

Cited by 178 publications

(134 citation statements)

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“…Disease has also been noted to affect ova supplies and employment. The importance of diseases to the salmon farming industries in Norway and Chile has been highlighted (Tilseth et al, 1991;Asche et al, 2009;Forster, 2010;Asche and Bjørndal, 2011;Asche and Roll, 2013) and FAO (2012) note the common importance of disease to aquaculture. Effective disease management -via reduced stress in stocks, vaccination, fallowing, area management agreements, biosecurity etc.…”

Section: Trends During the Development Of Scottish Salmon Farmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends during development of Scottish salmon farming: An example of sustainable intensification?

et al. 2016

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Commercial farming of Atlantic salmon in Scotland started in 1969 and has since expanded to produce N 179,000 t year −1 . A government department has published annual statistics and information on the seawater and freshwater sub-sectors of the Scottish salmon farming industry since 1979, and this review collates and dis cusses metrics covering aspects of production, farm sites and systems, fish performance, socio-economics and en vironmental pressures. Trends illustrated in this case study of aquaculture development include: initial increases in numbers of farms and companies, followed by decreases due to industry consolidation; increases in average farm size, and productivity of systems and employees; increases in survival, size at age and productivity of fish (yield per smolt, ova per broodstock); reduced dependence on wild stocks for ova. This case study also illustrates the importance of disease management, control of biological processes to overcome natural seasonality (i.e. pro duction of out-of-season smolt), and the international nature of aquaculture. Improvements in fish survival, growth and productivity are attributed to progress in vaccination and health management (including fallowing), husbandry, system design, feed formulation and provision, and introduction of technology and mechanisation. Salmon farming is discussed in relation to the challenging strategy of "sustainable intensification". Improved growth and survival over a period of increasing rearing unit size, farm size and output and decreasing relative staff input counters the common assumption that intensification compromises animal welfare. The value of cap turing time series data on industry wide metrics is illustrated as it enables identification of trends, underperformance and bench-marking, as well as assessment of resource use efficiency, environmental pres sures, and ultimately sustainability. Statement of relevance: This review is an original collation of a comprehensive set of time series of official statistics on an entire, discrete and regionally important sector of commercial aquaculture.Crown

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Section: Trends During the Development Of Scottish Salmon Farmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends during development of Scottish salmon farming: An example of sustainable intensification?

et al. 2016

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“…During the past few years, several aquaculture facilities have been affected by epidemic outbreaks of diseases, favored by the conditions of fish being confined at high densities and the short distance among farms (Asche et al 2010). In addition, escaped salmonids can travel large distances (Melo et al 2005, Whoriskey et al 2006, Skilbrei et al 2009), and hence they become potential vectors for parasites and diseases at a broad scale (Thorstad et al 2008).…”

Section: Spreading Of Pathogens and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escaped farmed salmon and trout in Chile: incidence, impacts, and the need for an ecosystem view

Sepúlveda¹,

Arisméndi²,

Soto³

et al. 2013

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…In fact, the ISA outbreak in the Faroe (2). This work evaluated the effect of the broad-spectrum antiviral ribavirin on the replicative cycle of the ISA virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of a Nucleotide Analog on Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Infection

Rivas‐Aravena

Vallejos‐Vidal²,

Martı́n

et al. 2011

J Virol

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The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, has been responsible for major losses in the salmon industry, with mortalities close to 100% in areas where Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is grown. This work studied the effect of ribavirin (1-␤-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,3-triazole-3-carbaxaide), a broad-spectrum antiviral compound with proven ability to inhibit the replicative cycle of the DNA and RNA viruses. The results show that ribavirin was able to inhibit the infectivity of ISAV in in vitro assays. In these assays, a significant inhibition of the replicative viral cycle was observed with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of 0.02 g/ml and an IC 90 of 0.4 g/ml of ribavirin. After ribavirin treatment, viral proteins were not detectable and a reduction of viral mRNA association with ribosomes was observed. Ribavirin does not affect the levels of EF1a, nor its association with polysomes, suggesting that the inhibition of RNA synthesis occurs specifically for the virus mRNAs and not for cellular mRNAs. Moreover, ribavirin caused a significant reduction in genomic and viral RNA messenger levels. The study of the inhibitory mechanism showed that it was not reversed by the addition of guanosine. Furthermore, in vivo assays showed a reduction in the mortality of Salmo salar by more than 90% in fish infected with ISAV and treated with ribavirin without adverse effects. In fact, these results show that ribavirin is an antiviral that could be used to prevent ISAV replication either in vitro or in vivo.

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The Salmon Disease Crisis in Chile

Cited by 178 publications

References 0 publications

Trends during development of Scottish salmon farming: An example of sustainable intensification?

Trends during development of Scottish salmon farming: An example of sustainable intensification?

Escaped farmed salmon and trout in Chile: incidence, impacts, and the need for an ecosystem view

Inhibitory Effect of a Nucleotide Analog on Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Infection

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