Escaped farmed salmon and trout in Chile: incidence, impacts, and the need for an ecosystem view

Sepúlveda, Maritza; Arisméndi, Iván; Soto, Doris; Jara, Fernando; Farias, Francisca

doi:10.3354/aei00089

Cited by 70 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In the 10-year period from 1987 to 1996, the average annual escape rate was 3.7% of annual harvest, whereas more recently (2000-2009) escape rate averaged 0.3%. Similar trends are evident in Maine (unpublished) and in Chile (Sepulveda et al 2013). Farm operators in the United States are required to develop best management practices for the prevention of escapes, have recovery plans if escapes should occur, mark all farmed salmon, and report any escapes.…”

Section: Genetics and Escapessupporting

confidence: 55%

Environmental Performance of Marine Net‐Pen Aquaculture in the United States

et al. 2014

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The United States has a small net‐pen salmon industry dating back over 40 years and a nascent net‐pen industry for other marine fish. The United States net‐pen aquaculture sector has improved its resource efficiency in terms of the amount of fish meal and fish oil used in feeds and reduced its environmental impacts in terms of the mass loading and impact of nutrient discharge on the receiving ecosystem, the incidence and treatment of fish diseases, the use of antibiotics, and the number and impact of fish escapes, while increasing production. These changes can be attributed to a combination of advances in science and technology, rising cost of fish meal/oil, improved management, and informed regulatory practices. Net‐pen aquaculture has become an efficient food production system. Existing laws and regulations in the United States effectively address most of the potential adverse environmental effects of net‐pen aquaculture.

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Section: Genetics and Escapessupporting

confidence: 55%

Environmental Performance of Marine Net‐Pen Aquaculture in the United States

et al. 2014

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“…Escapes of Rainbow Trout may be more damaging, and have longer lasting consequences to the environment as they can establish self-sustaining populations in the wild more rapidly, than any other salmonid (Sepulveda et al 2013). Some initiatives to prevent the escape of salmonids from aquaculture facilities in South (U5) and Patagonia (U6) have recently ocurred including the Environmental Regulation for Aquaculture (Regulación Ambiental para la Acuicultura, RAMA) during 2001 and the self-regulation from the salmon farming industry through the Integrated Management System of Salmon Chile (Sistema Integrado de Gestión de Salmon Chile, SIGES) in 2003.…”

Section: Implications For Conservation Of Native Fishes and Strategiementioning

confidence: 99%

“…SNASPE exerts special protection of native fishes indirectly by promoting the recreational fishery of salmonids. The potential for the use of these watersheds to establish hatcheries of salmonids in the future will increase the risk of fish escapements (Sepulveda et al 2013) that in turn will promote the expansion of existing aquaculture-related fish introductions.…”

Section: Implications For Conservation Of Native Fishes and Strategiementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, an alternative such as co-existence (reviewed by Arismendi et al 2014) may require a drastic reduction of propagule pressure and their negative impacts (Simberloff 2009). Mitigation of escapes from farms may be one of these measures (Sepulveda et al 2013), and one of the pressing issues is that escape events are often under reported (Buschmann et al 2009;Sepúlveda et al 2009). …”

Section: Implications For Conservation Of Native Fishes and Strategiementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating taxonomic homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages in Chile

Vargas

Arisméndi

Gomez‐Uchida

2015

Rev. Chil. de Hist. Nat.

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Background: Pervasive introductions of non-native taxa are behind processes of homogenization of various types affecting the global flora and fauna. Chile's freshwater ecosystems encompass a diverse and highly endemic fish fauna that might be sensitive to the introduction of non-native species, an ongoing process that started two centuries ago, but has to date received little attention. Using historical (native) and present-day (native and non-native) presence-absence data sets of compositional similarity, our goal was twofold: (1) evaluate patterns of taxonomic homogenization at various spatial scales and (2) identify clusters of widely versus narrowly distributed species to assess their relative role in compositional changes. We expect that non-native species with wide distributions might have a larger influence in taxonomic homogenization than those with narrow distributions.

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“…; Sepúlveda et al . ). While a decrease in the magnitude of escaped Atlantic and Coho salmon has occurred during the last several years, escaped rainbow trout have not followed the same pattern.…”

Section: Salmon Farming Environmental Impacts During the Marine Fattementioning

confidence: 97%

Environmental issues in Chilean salmon farming: a review

Quiñones

Fuentes

Montes

et al. 2019

Reviews in Aquaculture

194

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The growth of Chilean salmon production has not been free of important sanitary and environmental shortcomings. To ensure sustainability, it is necessary to understand the environmental impacts of salmon production on the Patagonian ecosystems. Currently, there is limited regulation or monitoring of impacts in the freshwater phase compared to the marine fattening stage, and there is some evidence of local eutrophication impact and diversity changes downstream the farms. Eutrophication of Patagonian channels and fjords from marine farms has been recognized as crucial environmental risk, although most scientific evidence comes from local effects below and around farms. So far, there are no regulations based on carrying capacity estimates to limit maximum fish biomass per area or water body. There is controversy regarding the potential role of nutrients derived from farming in triggering harmful algal blooms, yet current environmental monitoring and available information does not allow establishing or rejecting a cause–effect relationship. Pesticides used to control sea lice infestation have been shown to be deleterious to some non‐target species. There is evidence that the use of high quantities of antibiotics has allowed the development of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in sediments and there is concern that salmon aquaculture has the potential to increase the proportion of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria to antibiotics that are used in human medicine. There is an urgent need for more comprehensive ecosystem (beyond farm) studies on the impacts of antibiotics. Escapes of salmon (exotic species) from farms are a relevant environmental risk, although the most farmed species, Salmo salar, has shown little success in establishing wild populations. The review identifies critical knowledge gaps whose fulfilment is essential to advance towards an ecosystem approach to aquaculture and to protect Patagonian ecosystems.

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Escaped farmed salmon and trout in Chile: incidence, impacts, and the need for an ecosystem view

Cited by 70 publications

References 46 publications

Environmental Performance of Marine Net‐Pen Aquaculture in the United States

Environmental Performance of Marine Net‐Pen Aquaculture in the United States

Evaluating taxonomic homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages in Chile

Environmental issues in Chilean salmon farming: a review

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