The Roles of Genetic Polymorphisms and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Lipid Metabolism

Abstract

Dyslipidemia has been frequently observed among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and factors related to HIV-1, the host, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are involved in this phenomenon. This study reviews the roles of genetic polymorphisms, HIV-1 infection, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in lipid metabolism. Lipid abnormalities can vary according to the HAART regimen, such as those with protease inhibitors (PIs). However, genetic factors may also be involved in dyslipidemia because not all patients receiving the same HAART regimen and with comparable demographic, virological, and immunological characteristics develop variations in the lipid profile. Polymorphisms in a large number of genes are involved in the synthesis of structural proteins, and enzymes related to lipid metabolism account for variations in the lipid profile of each individual. As some genetic polymorphisms may cause dyslipidemia, these allele variants should be investigated in HIV-1-infected patients to identify individuals with an increased risk of developing dyslipidemia during treatment with HAART, particularly during therapy with PIs. This knowledge may guide individualized treatment decisions and lead to the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia in these patients.

Hubungan Polimorfisme Gen Reseptor Estrogen Alfa Dengan Jumlah Sel T Cd4+ Pada Anak Terinfeksi Hiv

“…It has been suggested that host genetic polymorphisms influence the risk of developing numerous diseases in HIV-infected people. [16][17][18] Estrogene hormone is well known to play an essential role in the growth and development during childhood and estrogen receptors (ERs) mediate much estrogen action.…”

Pvuii Genetic Polymorphism of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptorin Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients: Possible Association with Dyslipidemia

“…The main genes studied are those that encode proteins, receptors, and enzymes related to lipid metabolism and regulation. Polymorphisms in LDLR, apoE, apo B, apo A-I, apo C-III, apo A-V, PCSK9, CETP, and LP genes have been associated with changes in lipid profile [45]. Regarding the LDLR gene, over 1,288 different variants have been implicated in the etiology of dslipidemia [46].…”

“…Because gene polymorphisms cause dyslipidemia, they should be investigated in these patients to identify individuals with an increased risk of developing dyslipidemia when on HAART, especially those containing PIs. This knowledge could guide individualized treatment decisions and lead to new therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia [45].…”

Inflammatory and metabolic markers and short-time outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke in relation to TOAST subtypes

“…The degree of inflammatory and metabolic response to ischemic stroke may be variable and the extent variability in genes coding for proteins of pathways involved in the inflammation (Waterer and Wunderink 2003) and in the metabolism (de Almeida et al 2013), considered the main pathophysiologic pathways of ischemic stroke, limits the generalization of previous results to the Brazilian population, considered one of the most genetically heterogeneous worldwide, as result of a great miscegenation (Pena et al 2011;Brazil 2013b).…”