The role of Toll-like receptor 2 and hypoxia-induced transcription factor-1α in the atrial structural remodeling of non-valvular atrial fibrillation

Electrocardiographic abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

“…It is possible that upregulation of HIF-1a/VEGF is involved in the enhancement of MMP-9 expression under hypoxic conditions [57]. Furthermore, Xu et al reported increased levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), HIF-1a and MMP-9 in patients with persistent and permanent AF, and suggested that TLR2 and HIF-1a may promote left atrial structural remodeling [58]. On the other hand, Stevenson et al failed to show an effect of hypoxia on either atrial refractoriness or atrial conduction in an experimental sheep model [59].…”

Pentraxin 3 and other inflammatory biomarkers related to atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery

“…Some studies have been reported evaluating biomarkers in patients with AF in the absence of structural heart disease. [8][9][10] In contrast, the patients in our study were undergoing cardiac surgery due to structural heart disease. Cardiac surgical operations serve as a model of inflammatory response and, simultaneously, as a potential trigger of AF.…”

“…Xu et al published a study showing increased local levels of TLR2 in patients with persistent or permanent AF compared to patients with sinus rhythm or paroxysmal AF. 9 Another study showed that gene expression and protein content of TLR2 in the right atrial appendage were increased in paroxysmal and persistent AF subgroups compared to a sinus rhythm subgroup. Interestingly, a paroxysmal AF subgroup had higher TLR2 levels than persistent AF.…”

Toll-like Receptors Signaling Pathways as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease

“…Significantly higher MyD88 and HMGB1 in AF patients with thrombus and no difference in level of TLR4 between AF patients with and without thrombus Xu et al (125) Human (n=163) TLR2 Significantly higher TLR2 level in patients with persistent AF compared to paroxysmal AF…”