The Role of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in Phytopathogenic Fungi: A Potential Target for Disease Control

Ikeda, Kenichi; Inoue, Kanako; Kitagawa, Hiroko; Shimoi, Saki; Park, Pyoyun

doi:10.5772/30801

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…It was not possible to determine the chemical composition of the mucilage but it was clear from the SEM and TEM studies that the mucilage was highly resilient and that it contained feint electron opaque fibrils. Similar material has been reported associated with appressoria of several plant pathogenic fungi [ 56 ]. None of the fluorochromes tested stained the mucilage.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Metarhizium brunneum Blastospore Pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Attack on Several Fronts Accelerates Mortality

et al. 2016

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Aedes aegypti is the vector of a wide range of diseases (e.g. yellow fever, dengue, Chikungunya and Zika) which impact on over half the world’s population. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been found to be highly efficacious in killing mosquito larvae but only now are the underlying mechanisms for pathogenesis being elucidated. Recently it was shown that conidia of M. anisopliae caused stress induced mortality in Ae. aegypti larvae, a different mode of pathogenicity to that normally seen in terrestrial hosts. Blastospores constitute a different form of inoculum produced by this fungus when cultured in liquid media and although blastospores are generally considered to be more virulent than conidia no evidence has been presented to explain why. In our study, using a range of biochemical, molecular and microscopy methods, the infection process of Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores was investigated. It appears that the blastospores, unlike conidia, readily adhere to and penetrate mosquito larval cuticle. The blastospores are readily ingested by the larvae but unlike the conidia are able infect the insect through the gut and rapidly invade the haemocoel. The fact that pathogenicity related genes were upregulated in blastospores exposed to larvae prior to invasion, suggests the fungus was detecting host derived cues. Similarly, immune and defence genes were upregulated in the host prior to infection suggesting mosquitoes were also able to detect pathogen-derived cues. The hydrophilic blastospores produce copious mucilage, which probably facilitates adhesion to the host but do not appear to depend on production of Pr1, a cuticle degrading subtilisin protease, for penetration since protease inhibitors did not significantly alter blastospore virulence. The fact the blastospores have multiple routes of entry (cuticle and gut) may explain why this form of the inoculum killed Ae. aegypti larvae in a relatively short time (12-24hrs), significantly quicker than when larvae were exposed to conidia. This study shows that selecting the appropriate form of inoculum is important for efficacious control of disease vectors such as Ae. aegypti.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Metarhizium brunneum Blastospore Pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Attack on Several Fronts Accelerates Mortality

et al. 2016

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“…Proper cell wall architecture in filamentous fungi requires several polysaccharides, including α-glucans (mainly α-1,3-glucan with low proportions of α-1,4-glucan), β-glucans (β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan), galactomannan, and chitin [ 1 , 2 ]. In addition, cell surfaces of some filamentous fungi are covered with secreted compounds, collectively called the extracellular matrix (ECM), which are mainly composed of polysaccharides [ 3 , 4 ]. Proteins, such as galactomannoproteins and GPI-anchored and surface proteins, are also present in cell walls of some filamentous fungi [ 1 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Function and Biosynthesis of Cell Wall α-1,3-Glucan in Fungi

Yoshimi

Miyazawa

Abe

2017

JoF

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Although α-1,3-glucan is a major cell wall polysaccharide in filamentous fungi, its biological functions remain unclear, except that it acts as a virulence factor in animal and plant pathogenic fungi: it conceals cell wall β-glucan on the fungal cell surface to circumvent recognition by hosts. However, cell wall α-1,3-glucan is also present in many of non-pathogenic fungi. Recently, the universal function of α-1,3-glucan as an aggregation factor has been demonstrated. Applications of fungi with modified cell wall α-1,3-glucan in the fermentation industry and of in vitro enzymatically-synthesized α-1,3-glucan in bio-plastics have been developed. This review focuses on the recent progress in our understanding of the biological functions and biosynthetic mechanism of cell wall α-1,3-glucan in fungi. We briefly consider the history of studies on α-1,3-glucan, overview its biological functions and biosynthesis, and finally consider the industrial applications of fungi deficient in α-1,3-glucan.

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“…1). 21,30) Galactomannoproteins, GPI-anchored proteins, surface proteins, and other proteins are also found in the cell wall ( Fig. 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell wall structure and biogenesis inAspergillusspecies

Yoshimi

Miyazawa

Abe

2016

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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Aspergillus species are among the most important filamentous fungi from the viewpoints of industry, pathogenesis, and mycotoxin production. Fungal cells are exposed to a variety of environmental stimuli, including changes in osmolality, temperature, and pH, which create stresses that primarily act on fungal cell walls. In addition, fungal cell walls are the first interactions with host cells in either human or plants. Thus, understanding cell wall structure and the mechanism of their biogenesis is important for the industrial, medical, and agricultural fields. Here, we provide a systematic review of fungal cell wall structure and recent findings regarding the cell wall integrity signaling pathways in aspergilli. This accumulated knowledge will be useful for understanding and improving the use of industrial aspergilli fermentation processes as well as treatments for some fungal infections.

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The Role of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in Phytopathogenic Fungi: A Potential Target for Disease Control

Cited by 10 publications

References 74 publications

Metarhizium brunneum Blastospore Pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Attack on Several Fronts Accelerates Mortality

Metarhizium brunneum Blastospore Pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Attack on Several Fronts Accelerates Mortality

Function and Biosynthesis of Cell Wall α-1,3-Glucan in Fungi

Cell wall structure and biogenesis inAspergillusspecies

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