Function and Biosynthesis of Cell Wall α-1,3-Glucan in Fungi

Yoshimi, Akira; Miyazawa, Ken; Abe, Keietsu

doi:10.3390/jof3040063

Cited by 93 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(208 reference statements)

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“…The fungal cell wall is a complex structure that plays a key role in determining cell shape. Furthermore, the cell wall is able to protect fungal cells from environmental stress, including changes in osmolality, temperature and pH [11,30,36]. The data from the use of SEM and TEM in this study indicated that cell wall remained intact with hyphae, showing a normal structural property of F. graminearum strain PH−1 in the absence of biosynthesized AgNPs.…”

Section: Damage Of Cell Walls By Morphological Observationmentioning

confidence: 63%

Green-Synthesization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Garlic and Its Antifungal Activity against Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium graminearum

et al. 2020

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Nanoparticles are expected to play a vital role in the management of future plant diseases, and they are expected to provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional synthetic fungicides. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were green synthesized through the mediation by using the endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas poae strain CO, which was isolated from garlic plants (Allium sativum). Following a confirmation analysis that used UV–Vis, we examined the in vitro antifungal activity of the biosynthesized AgNPs with the size of 19.8–44.9 nm, which showed strong inhibition in the mycelium growth, spore germination, the length of the germ tubes, and the mycotoxin production of the wheat Fusarium head blight pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Furthermore, the microscopic examination showed that the morphological of mycelia had deformities and collapsed when treated with AgNPs, causing DNA and proteins to leak outside cells. The biosynthesized AgNPs with strong antifungal activity were further characterized based on analyses of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, EDS profiles, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Overall, the results from this study clearly indicate that the biosynthesized AgNPs may have a great potential in protecting wheat from fungal infection.

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Section: Damage Of Cell Walls By Morphological Observationmentioning

confidence: 63%

Green-Synthesization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Garlic and Its Antifungal Activity against Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium graminearum

et al. 2020

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“…Cell walls play an essential role in dening cell shape; also, cell walls shield the cells from environmental stress, including changes in osmolality, temperature, and pH. 30 The chemical composition of cell walls is different for each fungus; 31,32 however, their cell walls are primarily composed of chitin, glucans, mannans, and glycoproteins. 33 Chitin is a structurally important component of the fungal cell walls; when chitin synthesis is disrupted, the wall becomes disordered and the fungal cells become malformed and osmotically unstable.…”

Section: Effect On the Fungal Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Green-synthesized copper nanoparticles as a potential antifungal against plant pathogens

et al. 2019

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“…Hyphae of filamentous fungi generally form large aggregated pellets in liquid culture, thus limiting the fermentative production of commercially valuable enzymes and metabolites (3, 27). Aggregation of hyphae seems to be related to their cell surface properties (7, 12, 28), but the mechanism of hyphal aggregation is not well understood. We previously demonstrated that α-1,3-glucan in the cell wall has a role in hyphal adhesion in A. nidulans (11, 23), and that the hyphae of α-1,3-glucan-deficient mutants of A. oryzae form smaller pellets than those of the wild type but are not dispersed (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the wild-type, AGΔ, GAGΔ, and AG-GAGΔ strains of A. oryzae , we characterized hyphal aggregation and discuss its mechanism in A. oryzae . Our findings may have wide implications because the genomes of many filamentous fungi encode enzymes required for α-1,3-glucan or GAG biosynthesis, or both (7, 17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Both galactosaminogalactan and α-1,3-glucan contribute to aggregation of Aspergillus oryzae hyphae in liquid culture

Miyazawa

Yoshimi

Sano

et al. 2019

Preprint

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226 words 2 Text, 5,353 words 3 3Abstract Filamentous fungi generally form aggregated hyphal pellets in liquid culture. 1 We previously reported that α-1,3-glucan-deficient mutants of Aspergillus nidulans did 2 not form hyphal pellets and their hyphae were fully dispersed, and we suggested that 3 α-1,3-glucan functions in hyphal aggregation. Yet, Aspergillus oryzae 4 α-1,3-glucan-deficient (AGΔ) mutants still form small pellets; therefore, we 5 hypothesized that another factor responsible for forming hyphal pellets remains in these 6 mutants. Here, we identified an extracellular matrix polysaccharide 7 galactosaminogalactan (GAG) as such a factor. To produce a double mutant of A. oryzae 8 (AG-GAGΔ), we disrupted the genes required for GAG biosynthesis in an AGΔ mutant. 9 Hyphae of the double mutant were fully dispersed in liquid culture, suggesting that 10 GAG is involved in hyphal aggregation in A. oryzae. Addition of partially purified GAG 11 fraction to the hyphae of the AG-GAGΔ strain resulted in formation of mycelial pellets. 12 Acetylation of the amino group in galactosamine of GAG weakened GAG aggregation, 13 suggesting that hydrogen bond formation by this group is important for aggregation. 14 Genome sequences suggest that α-1,3-glucan, GAG, or both are present in many 15 filamentous fungi and thus may function in hyphal aggregation in these fungi. We also 16 demonstrated that production of a recombinant polyesterase, CutL1, was higher in the 17 AG-GAGΔ strain than in the wild-type and AGΔ strains. Thus, controlling hyphal 18 aggregation factors of filamentous fungi may increase productivity in the fermentation 19 industry. 20 21 22Importance Production using filamentous fungi is an important part of the 1 fermentation industry, but hyphal aggregation in these fungi in liquid culture limits 2 productivity compared with that of yeast or bacterial cells. We found that 3 galactosaminogalactan and α-1,3-glucan both function in hyphal aggregation in 4 Aspergillus oryzae, and that the hyphae of a double mutant deficient in both 5 polysaccharides become fully dispersed in liquid culture. We also revealed the relative 6 contribution of α-1,3-glucan and galactosaminogalactan to hyphal aggregation. 7 Recombinant protein production was higher in the double mutant than in the wild-type 8 strain. Our research provides a potential technical innovation for the fermentation 9 industry that uses filamentous fungi, as regulation of the growth characteristics of A.10 oryzae in liquid culture may increase productivity. 11 12 13

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Function and Biosynthesis of Cell Wall α-1,3-Glucan in Fungi

Cited by 93 publications

References 82 publications

Green-Synthesization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Garlic and Its Antifungal Activity against Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium graminearum

Green-Synthesization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Garlic and Its Antifungal Activity against Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium graminearum

Green-synthesized copper nanoparticles as a potential antifungal against plant pathogens

Both galactosaminogalactan and α-1,3-glucan contribute to aggregation of Aspergillus oryzae hyphae in liquid culture

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