“…Collision events between the incident ions and carbon surface will damage the sp 2 carbon lattice, effectively creating point defects with sp 3 -hybridized C-C bonding, vacancylike defects, and step edges. The number and size of defects can be precisely tuned by controlling the ion ( 112 Sn, 209 Bi, Ar, Mn, etc.) along with its energy.…”